Passive In-Line Chlorination for Drinking Water Disinfection: A Critical Review
Megan Lindmark,Katya Cherukumilli,Yoshika S. Crider,Perrine Marcenac,Matthew Lozier,Lee E. Voth-Gaeddert,Daniele Lantagne,James R. Mihelcic,Qian Zhang,Craig L. Just,Amy J. Pickering +10 more
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In this paper , the authors synthesized evidence from 27 evaluations of passive chlorinators (in 19 articles, 3 NGO reports, and 5 theses) conducted across 16 countries in communities, schools, health care facilities, and refugee camps.Abstract:
The world is not on track to meet Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 to provide universal access to safely managed drinking water by 2030. Removal of priority microbial contaminants by disinfection is one aspect of ensuring water is safely managed. Passive chlorination (also called in-line chlorination) represents one approach to disinfecting drinking water before or at the point of collection (POC), without requiring daily user input or electricity. In contrast to manual household chlorination methods typically implemented at the point of use (POU), passive chlorinators can reduce the user burden for chlorine dosing and enable treatment at scales ranging from communities to small municipalities. In this review, we synthesized evidence from 27 evaluations of passive chlorinators (in 19 articles, 3 NGO reports, and 5 theses) conducted across 16 countries in communities, schools, health care facilities, and refugee camps. Of the 27 passive chlorinators we identified, the majority (22/27) were solid tablet or granular chlorine dosers, and the remaining devices were liquid chlorine dosers. We identified the following research priorities to address existing barriers to scaled deployment of passive chlorinators: (i) strengthening local chlorine supply chains through decentralized liquid chlorine production, (ii) validating context-specific business models and financial sustainability, (iii) leveraging remote monitoring and sensing tools to monitor real-time chlorine levels and potential system failures, and (iv) designing handpump-compatible passive chlorinators to serve the many communities reliant on handpumps as a primary drinking water source. We also propose a set of reporting indicators for future studies to facilitate standardized evaluations of the technical performance and financial sustainability of passive chlorinators. In addition, we discuss the limitations of chlorine-based disinfection and recognize the importance of addressing chemical contamination in drinking water supplies. Passive chlorinators deployed and managed at-scale have the potential to elevate the quality of existing accessible and available water services to meet “safely managed” requirements.read more
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Design and Evaluation of a Household Chlorination System for Treating Cistern Water in the US Virgin Islands
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors evaluated a low-cost water treatment train that included a passive chlorinator, carbon filter, and membrane filter to provide whole house treatment for microbial contamination in a mock, pressurized, intermittent-use water system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluating a Large-Scale Batch Chlorination Method for Household Cistern Water Treatment in the US Virgin Islands
Lee E. Voth-Gaeddert,Mandy Lemley,Ignacio Willford,Kela Brathwaite,Douglas Momberg,Andrew Schranck,Stephen Libbey +6 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Quantitative models and potential surrogates for rapid evaluation and surveillance of chlorine disinfection efficacy in reclaimed water.
TL;DR: In this article , the Selleck model was used to simulate log removal values (LRVs) of fecal coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and heterotrophic plate counts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Quantitative models and potential surrogates for rapid evaluation and surveillance of chlorine disinfection efficacy in reclaimed water
TL;DR: In this article , the Selleck model was used to simulate log removal values (LRVs) of fecal coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and heterotrophic plate counts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Peracetic acid disinfection induces antibiotic-resistant E. coli into VBNC state but ineffectively eliminates the transmission potential of ARGs.
Wenjun Yin,Libin Yang,Xuefei Zhou,Tong Liu,Longlong Zhang,Yao Xu,Nan Li,Jian Chen,Yawei Zhang +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the potential of peracetic acid (PAA) to induce a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in AR E. coli and to remove the transformation functionality of ARGs were investigated.
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Posted Content
The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The 20th Century United States
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The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The Twentieth-Century United States
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