Journal ArticleDOI
Seismic Evidence for an Earthquake Nucleation Phase
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Near-source observations show that earthquakes initiate with a distinctive seismic nucleation phase that is characterized by a low rate of moment release relative to the rest of the event, and that the nucleation process exerts a strong influence on the size of the eventual earthquake.Abstract:
Near-source observations show that earthquakes initiate with a distinctive seismic nucleation phase that is characterized by a low rate of moment release relative to the rest of the event. This phase was observed for the 30 earthquakes having moment magnitudes 2.6 to 8.1, and the size and duration of this phase scale with the eventual size of the earthquake. During the nucleation phase, moment release was irregular and appears to have been confined to a limited region of the fault. It was characteristically followed by quadratic growth in the moment rate as rupture began to propagate away from the nucleation zone. These observations suggest that the nucleation process exerts a strong influence on the size of the eventual earthquake.read more
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Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States
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Earthquakes and friction laws
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Journal ArticleDOI
A review of recent developments concerning the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones
Daniel R. Faulkner,Christopher A.-L. Jackson,Rebecca J. Lunn,Roy W. Schlische,Zoe K. Shipton,Christopher A. J. Wibberley,Martha Oliver Withjack +6 more
TL;DR: Fault zones and fault systems have a key role in the development of the Earth's crust and control the mechanics and fluid flow properties of the crust, and the architecture of sedimentary deposits in basins as discussed by the authors.
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Introduction to Special Section: Stress Triggers, Stress Shadows, and Implications for Seismic Hazard
TL;DR: This paper reviewed many published works and presented a compilation of quantitative earthquake interaction studies from a stress change perspective, which provided some clues about certain aspects of earthquake mechanics, but much work remains before we can understand the complete story of how earthquakes work.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology
Hiroo Kanamori,Don L. Anderson +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, an empirical relation involving seismic moment M, energy E, magnitude M, and fault dimension L (or area S) is discussed on the basis of an extensive set of earthquake data (M_S ≧ 6) and simple crack and dynamic dislocation models.
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Modeling of rock friction: 1. Experimental results and constitutive equations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the strength of the population of points of contacts between sliding surfaces determines frictional strength and that the number of contacts changes continuously with displacements.
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A constitutive law for rate of earthquake production and its application to earthquake clustering
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a state-variable constitutive formulation for the rate of earthquake production resulting from an applied stressing history, which was implemented using solutions for nucleation of unstable fault slip on faults with experimentally derived rate and state dependent fault properties.
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Earthquakes as a self‐organized critical phenomenon
TL;DR: A simple cellular automaton stick-slip type model yields D(E) ≈ E−τ with τ ≥ 1.0 and τ ≥ 0.35 in two and three dimensions, respectively as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rupture velocity of plane strain shear cracks
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a convolution of a singular solution having abrupt stress drop with a "rupture distribution function" to spread out the rupture front in space-time.