Sodium in the Finnish diet: II trends in dietary sodium intake and comparison between intake and 24-h excretion of sodium.
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TLDR
Sodium intake has decreased during the last two decades, but is still higher than the recommended daily intake, and sodium intake estimation based on dietary surveys and food availability data is a valid method provided that the food composition database is up to date and of good quality.Abstract:
Objective To estimate cross-sectional and long-term dietary sodium intakes and sources in Finland, and to evaluate the validity of 48-h recall to assess sodium intake. Design Cross-sectional dietary surveys and food availability data (Food Balance Sheets). Setting Dietary surveys were carried out in Finland in 1992, 1997 and 2002. Food availability data were collected from 1980 to 1999. Subjects A stratified random sample was drawn from the population register. The total number of participants in the three dietary surveys was 6730. In the subsample for urine collection, the number of participants was 879. Interventions Nutrient intakes were estimated on the basis of a 3-day food diary in 1992, a 24-h recall in 1997 and a 48-h recall in 2002. The 24-h urinary excretion of sodium was used to validate sodium intake. In addition, salt intake was estimated based on Food Balance Sheets. Results Sodium intake has slowly decreased since the early 1980s. Reported daily sodium intake correlated significantly with sodium excretion. Conclusions Sodium intake has decreased during the last two decades, but is still higher than the recommended daily intake. Sodium intake estimation based on dietary surveys and food availability data is a valid method provided that the food composition database is up to date and of good quality. Sponsorship All surveys were funded by the National Public Health Institute in Finland and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.read more
Citations
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Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide
John Powles,Saman Fahimi,Renata Micha,Shahab Khatibzadeh,Peilin Shi,Majid Ezzati,Rebecca E. Engell,Stephen S Lim,Goodarz Danaei,Dariush Mozaffarian +9 more
TL;DR: Sodium intakes exceed the recommended levels in almost all countries with small differences by age and sex, and Virtually all populations would benefit from sodium reduction, supported by enhanced surveillance.
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Sodium intake and hypertension.
TL;DR: The biologic rationale and scientific evidence show that the current salt intake levels largely explain the high prevalence of hypertension, and comprehensive reduction of salt intake, both alone and particularly in combination with increases in intakes of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, is able to lower average blood pressure levels substantially.
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Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States
TL;DR: Past and ongoing efforts to reduce the sodium content of the food supply and to motivate consumers to change behavior are reviewed and recommendations about strategies that could be implemented to reduce dietary sodium intake are made.
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Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure Among US Children and Adolescents
Quanhe Yang,Zefeng Zhang,Elena V. Kuklina,Jing Fang,Carma Ayala,Yuling Hong,Fleetwood Loustalot,Shifan Dai,Janelle P. Gunn,Niu Tian,Mary E. Cogswell,Robert Merritt +11 more
TL;DR: Sodium intake is positively associated with SBP and risk for pre-HBP/HPB among US children and adolescents, and this association may be stronger among those who are overweight/obese.
References
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