Book ChapterDOI
Solar Radiant Energy and its Modification by the Earth and its Atmosphere
Sigmund Fritz
- pp 13-33
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In this article, the solar irradiation of a unit horizontal surface at the outer limits of the earth's atmosphere was evaluated, at least in relative units, from astronomical and trigonometrical considerations.Abstract:
The sun is the principal source of the energy which, by devious means, becomes the internal, potential, and kinetic energy of the atmosphere. The solar irradiation of a unit horizontal surface at the outer limits of the earth’s atmosphere can be evaluated, at least in relative units, from astronomical and trigonometrical considerations [61]; thus on a relative scale, the diurnal and seasonal variations of this solar irradiation above the atmosphere are known. On the average, variations similar to these occur also at the earth’s surface, and the associated diurnal and seasonal changes in atmospheric temperature are commonplace knowledge [52].read more
Citations
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Potential evapotranspiration estimates by the approximate energy balance method of Penman
C. B. Tanner,W. L. Pelton +1 more
TL;DR: The energy balance approximation of Penman, used to estimate potential evapotranspiration, was tested for daily estimates on 37 days during 1956 and 1957 as mentioned in this paper, and the absolute values of the Penman estimates were much too small.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modeling the effect of the atmosphere on light
TL;DR: A lighting model that takes into account the effects of scattering by suspended particles is presented and a method of computing the colors of the sun and sky, for any sun position above the horizon, is derived from the lighting model.
Journal ArticleDOI
On glaciations and their causes
Cesare Emiliani,Johannes Geiss +1 more
TL;DR: The Pleistocene and possibly other, older glaciations are believed to have resulted from a combination of terrestrial and astronomical factors as discussed by the authors, and two time-delay factors are responsible for the oscillatory pattern of glaciation: these are plastic iceflow, and crustal warping.
Journal ArticleDOI
Albedo, atmospheric solar absorption and heating rate measurements with stacked UAVs
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported unique measurements of albedo, atmospheric solar absorption, and heating rates in the visible (0.4 to 0.7 µm) and broadband spectral regions using vertically stacked multiple lightweight UAVs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Atmospheric turbidity, global illumination and planetary albedo of the earth
TL;DR: In this article, the photometric loss factor was derived from the natural illumination from sun and sky in South Africa, and a formula was derived, expressing the global illumination at sea level as a function of air mass and turbidity.
References
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Proposed standard solar-radiation curves for engineering use
TL;DR: In this paper, the spectral distribution of sunlight outside the atmosphere has been analyzed and a standard spectral distribution curve has been proposed for engineering applications dealing with direct sunlight at sea level, which is checked against independent data on total irradiation and ultraviolet irradiation, illumination, and color temperature.
Book
The upper atmosphere
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that electric waves can also heat the upper air when they travel through it and that the so-called Luxembourg effect can be traced to the influence of such a process.
Journal ArticleDOI
On the Atmospheric Transmission of Sun Radiation. II
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the Atmospheric Transmission of Sun Radiation. But their work is limited to the case of a single source, i.e., the Sun Radiation Cycle.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Albedo of Various Surfaces of Ground
Abstract: (1925). The Albedo of Various Surfaces of Ground. Geografiska Annaler: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 323-342.