Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis.
Manish M. Patel,Marc-Alain Widdowson,Roger I. Glass,Kenichiro Akazawa,Jan Vinjé,Umesh D. Parashar +5 more
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TLDR
Noroviruses accounted for 12% of severe gastroenteritis cases among children <5 years of age and 10% among children under the age of five, according to World Health Organization data.Abstract:
We conducted a systematic review of studies that used reverse transcription–PCR to diagnose norovirus (NoV) infections in patients with mild or moderate (outpatient) and severe (hospitalized) diarrhea. NoVs accounted for 12% (95% confi dence interval [CI] 10%–15%) of severe gastroenteritis cases among children <5 years of age and 12% (95% CI 9%–15%) of mild and moderate diarrhea cases among persons of all ages. Of 19 studies among children <5 years of age, 7 were in developing countries where pooled prevalence of severe NoV disease (12%) was comparable to that for industrialized countries (12%). We estimate that each year NoVs cause 64,000 episodes of diarrhea requirread more
Citations
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Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States—Major Pathogens
Elaine Scallan,Robert M. Hoekstra,Frederick J. Angulo,Robert V. Tauxe,Marc-Alain Widdowson,Sharon L. Roy,Jeffery L. Jones,Patricia M. Griffin +7 more
TL;DR: Each year, 31 pathogens caused 9.4 million episodes of foodborne illness, resulting in 55,961 hospitalizations and 1,351 deaths in the United States.
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Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States
TL;DR: The strength of the correlation between norovirus outbreaks and survey results suggests that the population survey is sensitive to norov virus activity and that Norovirus may account for much of what is considered to be unspecified.
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Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sharia M. Ahmed,Aron J. Hall,Anne E Robinson,Linda Verhoef,Prasanna S. Premkumar,Umesh D. Parashar,Marion Koopmans,Benjamin A. Lopman,Benjamin A. Lopman +8 more
TL;DR: Norovirus is a key gastroenteritis pathogen associated with almost a fifth of all cases of acute gastroenterritis, and targeted intervention to reduce norovirus burden, such as vaccines, should be considered.
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Noroviruses: a comprehensive review.
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Enteric bacteria promote human and mouse norovirus infection of B cells.
Melissa K. Jones,Makiko Watanabe,Shu Zhu,Christina L. Graves,Lisa R. Keyes,Katrina R. Grau,Mariam B. Gonzalez-Hernandez,Nicole M. Iovine,Christiane E. Wobus,Jan Vinjé,Scott A. Tibbetts,Shannon M. Wallet,Stephanie M. Karst +12 more
TL;DR: B cells are identified as a cellular target of noroviruses and enteric bacteria as a stimulatory factor for norovirus infection, leading to the development of an in vitro infection model for human norovIRuses.
References
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From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
TL;DR: This report summarizes the clinical features of these cases and the epidemiologic investigations by the Texas Department of Health and the New Jersey State Department of health and Senior Services, which indicated that a bat-associated variant of the rabies virus was responsible for infection in both cases.
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WHO estimates of the causes of death in children
TL;DR: A 4-year effort by WHO to improve the accuracy of estimates of the proportion of deaths in children younger than age 5 years attributable to pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, measles, and the major causes of death in the first 28 days of life is reported on.
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Global Illness and Deaths Caused by Rotavirus Disease in Children
TL;DR: The tremendous incidence of rotavirus disease underscores the urgent need for interventions, such as vaccines, to prevent childhood deaths in developing nations.
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Rotavirus and Severe Childhood Diarrhea
TL;DR: Application of this proportion to the recent World Health Organization estimates of diarrhea-related childhood deaths gave an estimated 611,000 rotavirus-related deaths.
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Sensor, a population-based cohort study on gastroenteritis in the Netherlands: incidence and etiology.
M. de Wit,Marion Koopmans,L. M. Kortbeek,W J B Wannet,Jan Vinjé,F.M. van Leusden,A.I.M. Bartelds,Y. T. H. P. Van Duynhoven +7 more
TL;DR: In community cases, viral pathogens are the leading cause of gastroenteritis, with NLV being the number one cause of illness in all age groups but one, and additional prevention of viral infections, especially NLV, might significantly decrease the number of gastroEnteritis cases in the community.