Journal ArticleDOI
The Carbon Balance of Plants
TLDR
This analysis will stimulate studies which will provide, for a given series of bio types, the total information on carbon gain, use, and loss, so that quantitative models can be derived relating to shortand long-term environmental influences.Abstract:
There has been considerable recent interest in the assessment of the en ergy allocation of plants (38, 50, 52). It is likely that through a quantitative understanding of how different plants gain and allocate their resources it will be possible to make predictions as to their success in any given physical envi ronment in combination with any competitor and predator. We are still far from this reality. However, as a contribution toward this goal, this review seeks to gather the available. information on the various evolutionary strate gies which plants have evolved to gain energy and to account for the numer ous ways in which this energy is utilized to meet the demands of the environ ment, as well as to successfully produce progeny. To date, studies which have considered allocation have generally been at a rather gross level-e.g., reproductive versus nonreproductive (38), roots versus shoots (117), and photosynthetic versus nonphotosynthetic tissue (86). A study by Harper & Ogden (52) has attempted, however, to account in somewhat more detail for the various sources of energy allocation. To account in more detail for energy gain in allocation and for its even tual loss through a variety of routes, the approach that will be used here is the capture of carbon by plants and its SUbsequent diversion into various products which perform a multiplicity of functions. Carbon is the vehicle by which organisms store and transfer energy by chemical binding. This device enables the utilization of a large reservoir of physiological and ecological data into a single coherent body. However, it becomes rather clear that the total information required for any given plant simply does not exist. Thus, this review unfortunately can represent only a composite picture of the gen realized routes of carbon movement in plants. It does, however, call attention to the continual partitioning of resources and the multiplicity of carbon path ways. Emphasis is placed on the modes of capture of carbon. Hopefully, this analysis will stimulate studies which will provide, for a given series of bio types, the total information on carbon gain, use, and loss, so that quantitative models can be derived relating these to shortand long-term environmental influences.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The dilemma of plants: To grow or defend.
TL;DR: A conceptual model of the evolution of plant defense is concluded, in which plant physioligical trade-offs interact with the abiotic environment, competition and herbivory.
Journal ArticleDOI
Resource Availability and Plant Antiherbivore Defense
TL;DR: Resource availability in the environment is proposed as the major determinant of both the amount and type of plant defense, and theories on the evolution of plant defenses are compared with other theories.
Book
Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology
TL;DR: In this paper, the Ecosystem Concept is used to describe the Earth's Climate System and Geology and Soils, and the ecosystem concept is used for managing and sustaining ecosystems.
Journal ArticleDOI
Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory
TL;DR: Fundamental differences between the response of woody plants and graminoids to vertebrate herbivory suggest that the dynamics of browsing systems and grazing systems are qualitatively different.
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Insect-plant biology
TL;DR: The mechanisms underlying plant resistance to invading herbivores on the one side, and insect food specialization on the other, are the main subjects of this book.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution
Paul R. Ehrlich,Peter H. Raven +1 more
TL;DR: The relationship between butterflies and their food plants is investigated, the examination of patterns of interaction between two major groups of organisms with a close and evident ecological relationship, such as plants and herbivores.
Book
The Principles of Pollination Ecology
Knut Faegri,L. van der Pijl +1 more
TL;DR: The principles of pollination ecology are studied in the context of beekeeping and their role in the evolution of honey bees.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mineral Nutrition in Plants: Principles and Perspectives.
H. David Hammond,Emanuel Epstein +1 more
Book
Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the media of Plant Nutrition, nutrition and growth, and the role of transport in the development of sustainable agriculture.
Journal ArticleDOI
Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars
Paul Feeny,Paul Feeny +1 more
TL;DR: The content of oak leaf tannins, which inhibit the growth of winter moth larvae, increases during the summer and may render leaves less suitable for insect growth by further reducing the availability of nitrogen and perhaps also by influencing leaf palatability.