The International Celestial Reference Frame as Realized by Very Long Baseline Interferometry

TLDR: A quasi-inertial reference frame is defined based on the radio positions of 212 extragalactic sources distributed over the entire sky as discussed by the authors, which is better than about 1 mas in both coordinates.

Abstract: A quasi-inertial reference frame is defined based on the radio positions of 212 extragalactic sources distributed over the entire sky. The positional accuracy of these sources is better than about 1 mas in both coordinates. The radio positions are based upon a general solution for all applicable dual-frequency 2.3 and 8.4 GHz Mark III very long baseline interferometry data available through the middle of 1995, consisting of 1.6 million pairs of group delay and phase delay rate observations. Positions and details are also given for an additional 396 objects that either need further observation or are currently unsuitable for the definition of a high-accuracy reference frame. The final orientation of the frame axes has been obtained by a rotation of the positions into the system of the International Celestial Reference System and is consistent with the FK5 J2000.0 optical system, within the limits of the link accuracy. The resulting International Celestial Reference Frame has been adopted by the International Astronomical Union as the fundamental celestial reference frame, replacing the FK5 optical frame as of 1998 January 1.