The role of memory and color in group and individual embedded‐figures measures of field independence1

TLDR: In this paper, three group-administered embedded-figures tests were designed to evaluate the possibility of developing economical and reliable measures of perceptual field-independence, and they were administered together with individual and group forms of Witkin's EFT in a factorial design.

Abstract: Three group-administered embedded-figures tests were designed to evaluate the possibility of developing economical and reliable measures of perceptual field-independence. These were administered together with individual and group forms of Witkin's EFT in a factorial design to study the effects of color, memory, and item format. Embedded-figures test performances were also studied in relation to perceptual speed, spatial orientation, and Adjective Preference Scale scores. Within-group correlations between group- and individually-administered embedded-figures tests were sufficiently high to warrant the use of the group forms as measures of perceptual field-independence. A comparison of the correlational patterns between sexes indicated greater differentiation in cognitive performances for males than for females.