Q2. What are the future works in "The shape of future electricity demand: exploring load curves in 2050s germany and britain" ?
The combination of increased peak load, reduced minimum load, decreased utilisation and stronger ramp rates means that balancing supply and demand will become more challenging in the future, especially when considered alongside the growth in variable renewable energy sources. Future research activities could expand the focus on this demand response aspect, assessing the transformation of net load, how other demand side technologies ( e. g. heat pumps, white appliances or industry processes ) can contribute to peak load shaving and RES integration, and how this affects the electricity supply side. Smart charging strategies have immense potential for net load smoothing and the integration of renewables.
Q3. What is the common name for the DESSTinEE model?
DESSTinEE is a simulation model for exploring future energy system transition pathways (similar to DECC’s 2050 calculators [53]) rather than an optimisation model that is used to find the least-cost path to reducing carbon emissions (such as MARKAL or TIMES).
Q4. What is the main argument for the UK’s ambitious plans for heat pumps?
In particular, the UK has ambitious plans3 for heat pumps to deliver a third of all heat by 2030, which will have a profound impact on peak load and may prove problematic given the current worries around capacity shortage.
Q5. What is the load curve of each country?
Each country’s load curve is decomposed into major economic sectors (residential, commercial, agriculture, industrial, road and rail), with built sectors being split further into space heating, water heating, cooling, and all other appliances.
Q6. How many electric vehicles are on the road in the UK?
The uptake of electric vehicles in the UK is also based on the CCC projection for 60% of new vehicles to be electric (either EV or PHEV) from the 2020s onwards [63], leading to a total of 14.7 m electric vehicles on the road in 2050.
Q7. What is the main reason why the UK government placed electricity at the centre of its climate change strategy?
Electricity has been placed at the centre of its climate change strategy, as it is perceived to be the cheapest sector to rapidly decarbonise.
Q8. What is the main driver behind the load curve transformation in Germany?
In the core scenario, transformation of the load curve and evolution of peak load are primarily driven by the extensive diffusion of electric vehicles and their assumed load profile (battery charging after the last journey).
Q9. How many more heat pumps raise the average temperature sensitivity?
An additional 4 million heat pumps therefore raises the average temperature sensitivity to 0.59 and 1.56 GW/°C in Germany and Britain, and the peak sensitivity to 0.90 and 1.97 GW/°C.
Q10. How many homes are based on heat pumps?
Germany has not stated a specific target for the diffusion of heat pumps; however, more than half of today’s newly constructed buildings rely on a heat pump system [65].
Q11. What is the effect of solar PV panels on the demand of the French market?
Solar PV panels have the same effect of reducing apparent demand during daylight hours; however, this demand data is not affected by renewable outputs, and their effect would only become visible from the mid-2000s as opposed to the late 1990s.
Q12. What is the main idea behind the concept of a sustainable and cost-efficient integration of electric?
Large-scale market entry of electric vehicles should be accompanied by sophisticated charging strategies to ensure a sustainable and cost-efficient integration.
Q13. How can the German peak load be preserved?
As indicated by Figure 15, German peak load can be preserved at the level of 2010 while the increase in the UK peak load is reduced from 30 to 22 GW.
Q14. How many relevant applications can be translated into a projection year?
Depending on the individual scenario this can be translated into about 30 relevant applications covering approximately 80% of the total change in demand between base and projection year (see Figure 5).
Q15. What is the average deviation of the load curves for Britain and Germany?
When validating the simulated load curves for 2010, the residuals for both Britain and Germany were normally distributed with a standard deviation of 7% (±2.6 and ±4.3 GW respectively).
Q16. What is the difference between the residual and residual load curves?
The residual load curve (from all other applications not explicitly modelled) is deduced from the historic metered load curve, and then the appliancespecific and residual load curves are scaled for all projection years according to the evolution of annual demand.