Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface
Mária Kazimírová,Saravanan Thangamani,Pavlína Bartíková,Meghan E. Hermance,Viera Holíková,Iveta Štibrániová,Patricia A. Nuttall +6 more
TLDR
Future research should be aimed at identification of the key tick salivary molecules promoting virus transmission, and a molecular description of tick-host-virus interactions and oftick-mediated skin immunomodulation that will enable the rationale design of anti-tick vaccines that protect against disease caused by tick-borne viruses.Abstract:
Ticks are efficient vectors of arboviruses, although less than 10% of tick species are known to be virus vectors. Most tick-borne viruses (TBV) are RNA viruses some of which cause serious diseases in humans and animals world-wide. Several TBV impacting human or domesticated animal health have been found to emerge or re-emerge recently. In order to survive in nature, TBV must infect and replicate in both vertebrate and tick cells, representing very different physiological environments. Information on molecular mechanisms that allow TBV to switch between infecting and replicating in tick and vertebrate cells is scarce. In general, ticks succeed in completing their blood meal thanks to a plethora of biologically active molecules in their saliva that counteract and modulate different arms of the host defense responses (haemostasis, inflammation, innate and acquired immunity, and wound healing). The transmission of TBV occurs primarily during tick feeding and is a complex process, known to be promoted by tick saliva constituents. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TBV transmission are poorly understood. Immunomodulatory properties of tick saliva helping overcome the first line of defense to injury and early interactions at the tick-host skin interface appear to be essential in successful TBV transmission and infection of susceptible vertebrate hosts. The local host skin site of tick attachment, modulated by tick saliva, is an important focus of virus replication. Immunomodulation of the tick attachment site also promotes co-feeding transmission of viruses from infected to non-infected ticks in the absence of host viraemia (non-viraemic transmission). Future research should be aimed at identification of the key tick salivary molecules promoting virus transmission, and a molecular description of tick-host-virus interactions and of tick-mediated skin immunomodulation. Such insights will enable the rationale design of anti-tick vaccines that protect against disease caused by tick-borne viruses.read more
Citations
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Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases
Amr El-Sayed,Mohamed Kamel +1 more
TL;DR: The role of climate changes in the spread of infectious agents and their vectors is discussed and examples of the major emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases are summarized.
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Ticks and Tick-Borne Infections: Complex Ecology, Agents, and Host Interactions
TL;DR: The potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of ticks and the infections they transmit; the emergence of novel tick-borne pathogens, increasing geographic range and incidence oftick-borne infections; and advances in the characterization of tick saliva mediated modulation of host defenses are examined.
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Counterattacking the tick bite: Towards a rational design of anti-tick vaccines targeting pathogen transmission
Ryan O. M. Rego,Jos J. A. Trentelman,Juan Anguita,Ard M. Nijhof,Hein Sprong,Boris Klempa,Ondrej Hajdusek,Julen Tomás-Cortázar,Tal Azagi,Martin Strnad,Martin Strnad,Sarah Knorr,Radek Sima,Marie Jalovecka,Marie Jalovecka,Sabína Havlíková,Martina Ličková,Monika Sláviková,Petr Kopáček,Petr Kopáček,Libor Grubhoffer,Libor Grubhoffer,Joppe W. Hovius +22 more
TL;DR: The status of current knowledge on the triangular relationships between ticks, the pathogens they carry and the mammalian hosts, as well as methods that are being used to identify anti-tick vaccine candidates that can prevent the transmission of tick-borne pathogens are reviewed.
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Tick-Borne Viruses.
TL;DR: The current knowledge of TBVs is reviewed with emphases on the history of virus isolation and identification, tick vectors, and potential pathogenicity to humans and animals, including assigned species as well as the recently discovered and unassigned species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wonders of tick saliva.
TL;DR: A tick perspective is taken on the composition and functions of tick saliva, covering water balance, gasket and holdfast, control of host responses, dynamics, individuality, mate guarding, saliva-assisted transmission, and redundancy and questions whether the huge diversity oftick saliva molecules is 'redundant' or more a reflection on the enormous adaptability wonderous saliva confers on ticks.
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