Q2. What are the future works mentioned in the paper "Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia" ?
Since prevalent and incident myopia, as well as myopic progression, depend on axial elongation, further work is needed onwhether regulation of axial elongation is similar before and after the onset of clinical myopia. From a range of possibilities, the hypothesis that the prevention of myopia, Experimental Eye Research ( 2013 ), http: // Q4 Q5 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 protection is based on bright light-stimulated release of dopamine in the retina, has been given support from animal studies. Initial results from three clinical trials of increasing the amount of time that children spend outdoors have given promising results, but final results on the largest study are still pending. If these provide proof of principle for myopia prevention interventions based on bright light exposures, then the next challenge will be to define and implement feasible and effective interventions on a mass scale in locations and communities that are currently characterised by high prevalence rates of myopia, as well as in other locations.
Q3. What is the effect of increased time outdoors on myopia?
The ability of increased time outdoors to reduce prevalent and incident myopia appears to depend on limiting axial elongation, since axial length is reduced in parallel with effects on myopia, while other biometric parameters are not affected.
Q4. How much time does the study suggest that children can reduce their prevalence of myopia?
The magnitude of the effects suggests that significant reductions in the prevalence of myopia could be produced by increasing the amount of time that children spend outdoors during the day, within current behavioural limits.
Q5. How did the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)?
Time spent outdoors at the age of 8e9 years was also a significant predictor of whether children subsequently became myopic in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (Guggenheim et al., 2012).
Q6. What is the effect of time outdoors on myopia?
The relationship between time outdoors and the prevalence and development of myopia means that participants with myopia tend to spend less time outdoors, and it is possible that the lack of variation makes it difficult to achieve statistically significant effects.
Q7. What is the purpose of this review?
The aim of this review is to outline the evidence for a protective role for time spent outdoors, to examine the biological mechanisms which underpin it, and to consider the potential of interventions which increase the amount of time that children spend outdoors for prevention of myopia.