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To prune, or not to prune: exploring the efficacy of pruning for model compression
Michael H. Zhu,Suyog Gupta +1 more
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TLDR
In this article, the authors investigate two distinct paths for model compression within the context of energy-efficient inference in resource-constrained environments and propose a new gradual pruning technique that is simple and straightforward to apply across a variety of models/datasets with minimal tuning.Abstract:
Model pruning seeks to induce sparsity in a deep neural network's various connection matrices, thereby reducing the number of nonzero-valued parameters in the model. Recent reports (Han et al., 2015; Narang et al., 2017) prune deep networks at the cost of only a marginal loss in accuracy and achieve a sizable reduction in model size. This hints at the possibility that the baseline models in these experiments are perhaps severely over-parameterized at the outset and a viable alternative for model compression might be to simply reduce the number of hidden units while maintaining the model's dense connection structure, exposing a similar trade-off in model size and accuracy. We investigate these two distinct paths for model compression within the context of energy-efficient inference in resource-constrained environments and propose a new gradual pruning technique that is simple and straightforward to apply across a variety of models/datasets with minimal tuning and can be seamlessly incorporated within the training process. We compare the accuracy of large, but pruned models (large-sparse) and their smaller, but dense (small-dense) counterparts with identical memory footprint. Across a broad range of neural network architectures (deep CNNs, stacked LSTM, and seq2seq LSTM models), we find large-sparse models to consistently outperform small-dense models and achieve up to 10x reduction in number of non-zero parameters with minimal loss in accuracy.read more
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References
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TL;DR: This work is exploring ways to scale up networks in ways that aim at utilizing the added computation as efficiently as possible by suitably factorized convolutions and aggressive regularization.
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MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications
Andrew Howard,Menglong Zhu,Bo Chen,Dmitry Kalenichenko,Weijun Wang,Tobias Weyand,M. Andreetto,Hartwig Adam +7 more
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Proceedings Article
Deep Compression: Compressing Deep Neural Networks with Pruning, Trained Quantization and Huffman Coding
TL;DR: Deep Compression as mentioned in this paper proposes a three-stage pipeline: pruning, quantization, and Huffman coding to reduce the storage requirement of neural networks by 35x to 49x without affecting their accuracy.
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Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation
Yonghui Wu,Mike Schuster,Zhifeng Chen,Quoc V. Le,Mohammad Norouzi,Wolfgang Macherey,Maxim Krikun,Yuan Cao,Qin Gao,Klaus Macherey,Jeff Klingner,Apurva Shah,Melvin Johnson,Xiaobing Liu,Łukasz Kaiser,Stephan Gouws,Yoshikiyo Kato,Taku Kudo,Hideto Kazawa,Keith Stevens,George Kurian,Nishant Patil,Wei Wang,Cliff Young,Jason A. Smith,Jason Riesa,Alex Rudnick,Oriol Vinyals,Greg S. Corrado,Macduff Hughes,Jeffrey Dean +30 more
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Proceedings Article
Learning both weights and connections for efficient neural networks
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to reduce the storage and computation required by neural networks by an order of magnitude without affecting their accuracy by learning only the important connections using a three-step method.