Journal ArticleDOI
Urinary cortisol levels, cellular immunocompetency, and loneliness in psychiatric inpatients.
Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser,Denise Ricker,Jack George,George Messick,Carl E. Speicher,Warren Garner,Ronald Glaser +6 more
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Patients who scored above the median on loneliness had significantly higher urinary cortisol levels and had significantly lower levels of natural killer cell activity, as well as a poorer T‐lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin.Abstract:
This study examined the associations among loneliness, stressful life events, urinary cortisol levels, and immunocompetency. Blood and urine were obtained from 33 psychiatric inpatients on the day after admission, at which time the patients completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview Life Events Scale (PERI), and the MMPI. Patients who scored above the median on loneliness had significantly higher urinary cortisol levels. The high loneliness group also had significantly lower levels of natural killer cell activity, as well as a poorer T-lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin. The high loneliness subjects descibed themselves as more distressed than the low loneliness group on the MMPI. There were no consistent significant effects on either the immunologic measures or the MMPI associated with the PERI.read more
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The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Roy F. Baumeister,Mark R. Leary +1 more
TL;DR: Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation, and people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds.
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Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity.
David Watson,James W. Pennebaker +1 more
TL;DR: Results demonstrate the importance of including different types of health measures in health psychology research, and indicate that self-report health measures reflect a pervasive mood disposition of negative affectivity (NA), which will act as a general nuisance factor in health research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms
TL;DR: The features and consequences of loneliness are reviewed within a comprehensive theoretical framework that informs interventions to reduce loneliness and features of a loneliness regulatory loop are employed to explain cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences.
Journal ArticleDOI
Attachment as an Organizational Framework for Research on Close Relationships
Cindy Hazan,Phillip R. Shaver +1 more
TL;DR: A review of the major bodies of empirical literature on attachment theory can be found in this article, where the authors conclude that a comprehensive theory of close relationships is both desirable and, with the integration of existing theories and concepts, currently achievable.
Journal ArticleDOI
The clinical significance of loneliness: a literature review.
TL;DR: This review focuses on loneliness as a crucial marker of social relationship deficits and contends that loneliness should command clinicians' attention in its own right--not just as an adjunct to the treatment of other problems such as depression.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Exemplification of a method for scaling life events: the Peri Life Events Scale.
TL;DR: This paper challenges several arguments for rejecting the rationale of Holmes' and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale and proposes procedural improvements for three aspects of life-event scale construction: construction of a life- event list, selection of judges, and tests of whether judges agree on their ratings.
Journal ArticleDOI
Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement.
R.W. Bartrop,R.W. Bartrop,L. Lazarus,L. Lazarus,E. Luckhurst,E. Luckhurst,L.G. Kiloh,L.G. Kiloh,Ronald Penny,Ronald Penny +9 more
TL;DR: This is the first time severe psychological stress has been shown to produce a measurable abnormality in immune function which is not obviously caused by hormonal changes.