Can graphene or graphene oxide generate reactive oxide species?
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Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) have been shown to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under specific conditions. Functionalized graphene oxide conjugates can produce radicals under near-infrared light, impacting cytotoxicity. Different functional groups on graphene, such as carboxylated and aminated forms, can alter ROS production, with singlet oxygen and superoxide anions being generated in the aqueous phase. Additionally, GO's reactivity with ROS like hydroxyl radicals affects its persistence in water, highlighting the importance of considering ROS interactions in environmental applications. Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) and reduced GOQDs have been found to produce ROS, with chemically reduced GOQDs exhibiting enhanced ROS yield under white light due to structural modifications. Furthermore, a novel nanoagent based on graphene oxide decorated with iron hydroxide/oxide showed increased ROS activity under near-infrared light, demonstrating potential for efficient cancer therapy.
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36 Citations | Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) and reduced GOQDs can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) including singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion, enhancing photodynamic therapy efficacy. |
| Graphene oxide can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and superoxide anion, impacting its fate and reactivity in aquatic environments. | |
| Graphene and its derivatives, such as carboxylated graphene and aminated graphene, can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photochemical pathways, inducing oxidative stress in organisms like Daphnia magna. | |
| Graphene oxide can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under near-infrared irradiation, involving superoxide and singlet oxygen production, impacting cytotoxicity and potential for phototherapy-based treatments. |
Related Questions
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How does graphene oxide affect the bacteria?5 answersGraphene oxide (GO) affects bacteria through multiple mechanisms. Firstly, GO can attach to the bacterial cell surface either in parallel or perpendicular interaction modes, depending on the surface oxygen content (SOC) of the GO. The interaction mode is related to the rigidity of the GO, with high SOC GO being more flexible and able to wrap bacteria, while lower SOC GO tends to contact bacteria with their edges. Secondly, GO can cause damage to the cellular ultrastructure of bacteria, with Ag-GO causing the most severe damage and GO causing intermediate damage. The damage is correlated with specific Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectral metrics, indicating disruption of the lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and phospholipid bilayers. Additionally, GO can decrease the ability of bacteria to form biofilms on surfaces, reducing biofilm formation on implantable medical devices. Finally, GO exhibits antimicrobial activity by inducing cellular damage, oxidative stress, and limiting physical movements and metabolism of bacteria.
What are the different ways to functionalize graphene oxide via Diels-Alder reaction?3 answersFunctionalization of graphene oxide via the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction can be achieved using different methods. One method involves the use of N-(4-hydroxyl phenyl) maleimide (4-HPM) as a functionalizing agent. Another method involves the use of cyanuric chloride, p-aminodiphenyl amine, and 1H, 1H-perfluorooctylamine as reactants. Additionally, a method utilizing 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalate as a reducing agent has been reported. These methods offer advantages such as simplicity, efficiency, and environmental friendliness. The functionalized graphene oxide obtained through these methods exhibits good dispersibility in solvents and modified properties compared to graphene oxide.
How does the addition of graphene oxide to a Diels-Alder reaction affect the product?5 answersThe addition of graphene oxide to a Diels-Alder reaction affects the product by providing new functionalities and promoting the reaction. Graphene oxide acts as a diene and a dienophile in the reaction, depending on the specific reactants used. The presence of graphene oxide as a diene leads to the formation of new sp(3) carbon centers covalently bonded to graphene oxide, indicating the modification of the graphene oxide framework. Additionally, the reaction with graphene oxide as a diene can occur on both pristine and defective graphene sheets, with heating being required for the reaction to proceed. The versatile nature of graphene oxide in the Diels-Alder reaction allows for the reversible modification of the electronic properties of graphene under mild conditions.
Could the graphene oxide oxidize hydrocarbons?5 answersGraphene oxide (GO) has been shown to have catalytic potential in the oxidation of hydrocarbons. The results of theoretical studies and experimental evidence suggest that GO can be decorated with organic functional groups, which induce the formation of a band gap and a semiconducting character. Additionally, the adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds, such as chloroform, on GO has been studied, indicating the potential for GO to filter out such substances. Furthermore, the grafting of manganese porphyrin on the surface of GO nanosheets has resulted in a heterogeneous catalyst with superior catalytic performance in the oxidation of alkenes and saturated alkanes. Another study has shown that modified graphene oxide, with surface phenol hydroxyl groups, exhibits high catalytic activity in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. These findings suggest that GO has the ability to oxidize hydrocarbons and can be utilized as a catalyst in various oxidation reactions.
Does rGO have lesser functional groups than Graphene oxide?4 answersrGO has lesser functional groups than Graphene oxide. The reduction process of graphene oxide to rGO removes some of the oxygen-containing groups, resulting in a structure with fewer functional groups. The presence of residual oxygen-containing groups and defects in rGO is acknowledged, but these groups can be further functionalized or modified, providing potential for additional functionalities. However, the oxygen content of rGO can vary depending on the reduction method and conditions. Different concentrations of oxygen species in GO can affect the dispersion of rGO in composite materials. Overall, while rGO still retains some oxygen-containing groups, it generally has fewer functional groups compared to graphene oxide.