What is the effect of surface roughness on contact angle measurements of polymer films coated with adhesive?4 answersSurface roughness significantly impacts contact angle measurements of polymer films coated with adhesive. The presence of macro-size surface roughness influences contact angle hysteresis and spreading work, affecting the advancing and receding contact angles. Additionally, roughness-induced oscillations control the molecular detachment process and adhesive dissipation, showcasing the dominant role of adhesive frictional dissipation in frictional systems. Surface roughness can exert a stabilizing effect on adhesive interactions, although low RMS roughness may trigger instability in certain cases. The effect of broad spectrum surface roughness on adhesion between elastic bodies is modeled, showing that roughness dominates the adhesion behavior, especially at lower wavenumbers. Experimental observations on adhesion between rough surfaces suggest that surfaces with small roughness can exhibit greater adhesion forces due to increased true contact area compared to smoother surfaces.
What is etching in corrosion test?4 answersEtching in corrosion tests involves using specific solutions to reveal the microstructure of materials for evaluation. Different etching methods are employed based on the material being tested and the purpose of the evaluation. For instance, an etching method for low-alloy chrome molybdenum steel involves immersing the sample in a corrosion agent to display crystal boundaries. In another example, an etching test for stainless steels determines susceptibility to intergranular corrosion after heat treatment or welding, utilizing specific etching solutions for different stainless steel types. Etching is crucial in corrosion testing as it allows for the visualization and assessment of material structures, aiding in understanding corrosion behavior and material properties.
What is the relationship between pec etching, voltage, and etch rate?4 answersPEC etching is a process used to etch materials such as GaN and silicon carbide. The etch rate and surface morphology can be controlled by various factors, including voltage. For example, in the case of GaN, applying a bias voltage during PEC etching can significantly enhance the etch rate and result in smoother surfaces. The etch rate of silicon carbide also depends on the percentage of oxygen in the gas mixture, with an optimal range for maximum etch rate. Increasing the bias voltage can further increase the etch rate of silicon carbide. Therefore, there is a relationship between PEC etching, voltage, and etch rate, where voltage can be used to control and enhance the etch rate of different materials.
How does current density affect the roughness of an electrochemically etched surface?5 answersThe roughness of an electrochemically etched surface is influenced by the current density. Higher current densities result in reduced surface roughness. The introduction of an external bias voltage during the etching process can significantly decrease the root-mean-square surface roughness. Additionally, the selection of electrolyte concentration and illumination intensity can exert control over surface roughness. The roughness factor of the electrode surface increases with different treatments, such as electrochemical polishing, etching, and chemical etching. The effect of surface roughness on the limiting current supported by electrochemical reduction was also investigated, and it was found that a cylindrical roughness of a certain depth was particularly active. The degree of surface roughness can be used as a tool to quantify the quality of a polished metallic surface.
What are the factors that affect the etching time of MXene?3 answersThe factors that affect the etching time of MXene include the type and concentration of the etchant, the temperature of the etching process, and the particle size of the MAX phase precursor. Different fluoride-based salts, such as lithium fluoride (LiF) and ammonium fluoride (NH4F), have been used as etchants for MXene synthesis. NH4HF2 has been found to be the most efficient etchant, reducing the etching time to a few hours. The concentration of the etchant also plays a role, with optimal concentrations of LiF at 5M and NH4F at 3M. The temperature of the etching process is another important factor, with room temperature being the optimum due to the exothermic reaction involved. Additionally, the particle size of the MAX phase precursor can influence the etching kinetics, with narrow fractions of particle sizes yielding better results.
Etching times of Max phases depends on?5 answersThe etching times of MAX phases depend on several factors. One important factor is the reaction kinetics, which follows a self-accelerating character with a small activation energy of approximately 60 kJ/mol. This activation energy corresponds to the transport of aluminum through the Ti3C2 slits, making the reaction of aluminum with hydrofluoric acid solution in the confined interlayer space the rate-determining step. Additionally, the match between the A element and etchants is critical for the etching reaction, and the thermodynamics-derived reaction energy can be used as an effective descriptor for screening efficient etchants. Prolonged treatment time can also affect the etching process, leading to a decrease in the intensity of MXene phase reflections, possibly due to delamination processes.