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How ionic composition of formation water can water-wet turn to oil-wet sand stone reservoire ? 


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The ionic composition of formation water plays a crucial role in altering the wettability of sandstone reservoirs from water-wet to oil-wet. Studies have shown that the presence of specific ions in the formation water can lead to this wettability alteration. For instance, the influx of NaCl electrolyte was found to modify the wettability of rock formations from oil-wet to water-wet. Additionally, the use of low salinity water and sulfate ions in waterflooding processes has been shown to improve oil recovery by changing the core wettability to a more water-wet state. These findings highlight the significant impact of ionic composition on wettability alteration in sandstone reservoirs, emphasizing the importance of understanding and managing the electrolyte content for enhanced oil recovery.

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Increased sulfate ion concentration and low salinity water can change the wettability of oil-wet sandstone reservoirs to water-wet, enhancing oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation and improving displacement efficiency.
The ionic composition of formation water can influence the wettability alteration of sandstone reservoirs from water-wet to oil-wet, impacting oil recovery efficiency in enhanced oil recovery processes.
The influx of NaCl electrolyte at 9000 and 11000 ppm concentrations modifies sandstone wettability from oil-wet to water-wet, influenced by anisotropic dielectric properties and electromagnetic field interactions.
The ionic composition of formation water influences wettability alteration in sandstone reservoirs, transitioning from water-wet to oil-wet due to carboxylic acid adsorption affected by salt ions interactions.
Low salinity water with divalent ions like CaCl2 can reverse sandstone wettability from oil-wet to water-wet. MES surfactant and nano-silica in synergy further enhance this wettability alteration.

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Why water-wet turn to oil-wet sand stone reservoire ?5 answersWater-wet sandstone reservoirs can turn oil-wet due to various factors such as the adsorption of hydrocarbon components over time, leading to wettability alteration. Surfactants play a crucial role in enhancing oil recovery by altering wettability through mechanisms like soap adsorption on rock surfaces. The presence of surfactants can change the contact angle between water and surfaces, promoting a shift from oil-wet to water-wet states. Additionally, the ionic composition of formation water influences wettability alteration processes, with interactions between carboxylic acids and salt ions affecting surface adsorption. Studies have shown that wettability significantly impacts fluid distribution and saturation in reservoir rocks, with water-wet conditions favoring higher hydrate saturation compared to oil-wet conditions.
How cation anion balance affect soil moisture content?5 answersThe cation-anion balance significantly influences soil moisture content. Moss discusses the equilibrium between soil and solution phases, showing that cation concentration gradients vary with moisture content, impacting the soil's potassium intensity status. Additionally, Moss's study on the effect of potassium ions on soil-water systems reveals that potassium concentration affects both release and uptake, with the exchange complex needing to be saturated before fixation occurs. Furthermore, Khorshidi and Lu propose a unitary maximum gravimetric water content (wmc) in soils, determined by cation hydration and cation exchange capacity (CEC), highlighting the importance of cation hydration in soil water retention. Understanding the cation-anion balance is crucial for predicting soil moisture content accurately, as demonstrated by Tekin and Mouazen's study on the nonlinear effect of moisture content on cation exchange capacity prediction in soils.
How cation anion balance affects soil moisture?5 answersThe cation-anion balance significantly influences soil moisture dynamics. Specific ion effects, such as those of Li+, Na+, and K+, impact soil water movement by altering cationic polarization. In soils enriched with clay minerals, exchangeable cations play a predominant role in water binding, especially when the cation exchange capacity is high. Potassium ions affect soil-water systems by influencing potassium release and uptake, with the soil's exchange complex needing to be adequately saturated for fixation to occur. Equilibrium soil solutions exhibit varying ion concentrations based on moisture content, with the pK−1/2p(Ca+Mg) ratio indicating the characteristic potassium intensity status of the soil. Therefore, maintaining a balanced cation-anion ratio is crucial for regulating soil moisture levels effectively.
Why cation and anion are high in wet season groundwater?5 answersDuring the wet season, groundwater cations and anions are high due to several factors. One reason is the increased weathering of minerals in the aquifer, which releases more cations and anions into the groundwater. Additionally, the wet season brings more rainfall, which can lead to increased leaching of ions from the soil and rocks into the groundwater. The dilution effect of the increased water volume during the wet season can also contribute to higher concentrations of cations and anions in the groundwater. Furthermore, the wet season can result in changes to the hydro-geochemical processes, such as seawater intrusion, which can introduce additional cations and anions into the groundwater. Overall, these factors contribute to the higher levels of cations and anions observed in wet season groundwater.
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