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This observation indicates that progesterone modulates the action of estrogen by controlling nuclear retention of the estrogen-receptor complex.
The requirement for maintenance of a background level of estrogen suggests that the inhibitory action of progesterone is mediated through progesterone receptor interactions.
Furthermore, our observations are in keeping with the finding that progesterone has little or no effect at the organismal or tissue level unless estrogen is present.
In most cases the PR is induced by estrogen, implying that many of the in vivo effects attributed to progesterone could also be the result of concomitantly administered estrogen.
The results indicate a critical temporal reliance of the inhibitory effects of progesterone on estrogen receptor activity and estrogen function in a well defined animal model.
We conclude that progesterone acts at a point beyond estrogen receptor availability or translocation to antagonize estrogen action.
These results suggest a mechanism for antagonistic effects of estrogen and progesterone.

Related Questions

How the structure of progesterone ?4 answersThe structure of progesterone is characterized by a steroid skeleton with various functional groups attached to it. The progesterone receptor (PR) is a member of the steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily and plays a crucial role in mediating the physiological effects of progestins. The presence or absence of specific functional groups on the progesterone molecule determines its activity as a progestin or an antiprogestin. High-level ab initio calculations have been used to determine the geometries and electronic structure of progesterone and related compounds, providing insights into their bond distances, valence angles, and dipole moments. The crystal structure of progesterone hydroquinone monohydrate has also been determined, revealing the flattened A ring of the progesterone molecule and the hydrogen bonding patterns between steroid, hydroquinone, and water molecules. The structure of progesterone and its derivatives, along with their interactions with the progesterone receptor, provide valuable information for the design of effective drugs and therapies for female cancers.
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