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What is the relationship retinal affects with menopause ? 

Photopic vision
Hazard ratio
Choroid
Retinal
Retinal ganglion
Best insight from top research papers

The relationship between retinal effects and menopause is multifaceted, involving changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP), and retinal blood flow, all influenced by the hormonal shifts occurring during menopause. Studies comparing reproductive age and postmenopausal women found no significant difference in RNFL and GCC values when adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI), although a longer postmenopausal period was associated with higher RNFL and GCC values, suggesting a complex interaction between menopause duration and retinal structure. The deficiency of estradiol during menopause is considered a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including optic neuropathies, with evidence showing that estrogen deprivation increases the susceptibility of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to damage. Further, postmenopausal women have been shown to exhibit significantly decreased choroidal thickness compared to premenopausal women, indicating a potential reduction in estrogen-dependent vasodilatory effects in ophthalmic vessels. Texture analysis of the retina has revealed that sex-related differences, likely tied to hormonal changes during menopause, can affect the retina's structure. Additionally, early menopause has been identified as an independent risk factor for the development of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and retinal artery occlusion (RAO), suggesting that the timing of menopause can influence retinal health. Research also indicates that postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) may increase retinal and optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow, potentially offering protective benefits to retinal structure and function. This is supported by findings that estrogen has vasodilatory effects, which may influence ocular hemodynamics and visual function post-menopause. Lastly, a study found that postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of developing elevated IOP and thinner RNFL compared to premenopausal women, further highlighting the impact of menopause on ocular health. These findings collectively underscore the significant yet complex relationship between menopause and retinal health, influenced by hormonal changes, estrogen levels, and potentially mitigated by hormone replacement therapy.

Answers from top 9 papers

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Papers (9)Insight
Journal Article•DOI
Comparison of Visual Function and Ocular Hemodynamics between Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women:
Brent Siesky, Alon Harris, C. Patel, C. Klaas, M. Harris, L. McCranor, J. Lauer, B. Kaplan 
01 Mar 2008-European Journal of Ophthalmology
23 Citations
Menopause may impact retinal function due to estrogen receptor presence in retinal tissue, potentially affecting ocular vasculature and visual function in postmenopausal women.
Journal Article•DOI
Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases retinal blood flow and protects the retinal nerve fiber layer.
Micheline C. Deschênes, Denise Descovich, Michèle Moreau, Louis Granger, George A. Kuchel, Tomi S. Mikkola, Gordon H. Fick, Sylvain Chemtob, Elvire Vaucher, Mark R. Lesk 
01 May 2010-Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
75 Citations
Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases retinal blood flow and protects the retinal nerve fiber layer, indicating a positive impact on retinal health during menopause.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women
Marcello Maggio, Francesca De Vita, Fulvio Lauretani, Stefania Bandinelli, Richard D. Semba, Benedetta Bartali, Antonio Cherubini, Anne R. Cappola, Gian Paolo Ceda, Luigi Ferrucci 
05 Aug 2015-Nutrients
11 Citations
Not addressed in the paper.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Surgical Menopause Impairs Retinal Conductivity and Worsens Prognosis in an Acute Model of Rat Optic Neuropathy
Edyta Olakowska, Piotr Rodak, Anna Pacwa, Joanna Machowicz, Bartosz Machna, Joanna Lewin-Kowalik, Adrian Smedowski 
29 Sep 2022-Cells
1 Citations
Surgical menopause accelerates retinal neurodegeneration, particularly affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and interneurons, worsening optic nerve viability and visual function in rat models of optic neuropathy.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Early menopause is associated with increased risk of retinal vascular occlusions: a nationwide cohort study
Sung Soon Hwang, Se Woong Kang, Kyung Jun Choi, Ki Young Son, Dong Hui Lim, Dong Wook Shin, Doo Seok Choi, Sang Jin Kim 
12 Apr 2022-Dental science reports
3 Citations
Early menopause increases the risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and retinal artery occlusion (RAO) according to the nationwide cohort study, suggesting a significant association between menopause and retinal vascular issues.
Open access•Posted Content•DOI
Influence of menopausal status on retinal and choroidal thickness using SS-OCT
21 Dec 2022
Menopausal status influences choroidal thickness, not retinal thickness. Postmenopausal women had thinner choroid, suggesting reduced estrogen-dependent vasodilation in ophthalmic vessels. Retinal thickness was not directly addressed in the study.
Journal Article•DOI
Effects of menopause on the retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex and on intraocular pressure
Oksan Alpogan, Hatice Tekcan 
10 Jan 2022-Menopause
Menopause does not significantly affect retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness, but a longer postmenopausal period is associated with higher values.
Book Chapter•DOI
The Effect of Menopause on the Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Retina – Texture Analysis of Optical Coherence Tomography Data
Ana Nunes, Pedro Serranho, Hugo Quental, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Rui Bernardes 
24 Jun 2020
Menopausal transition affects sexual dimorphism in the human retina, linked to hormonal changes. Texture analysis of optical coherence tomography data highlights these differences, suggesting potential biomarkers for retinal physiology.
Journal Article•DOI
Effects of menopause on the retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex and on intraocular pressure
Kiyuk Chang
14 Jan 2022-Menopause
1 Citations
Menopause duration correlates with increased retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness, indicating a potential impact on retinal health post-menopause.

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