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They can provide some new guidelines for the design practice of real internal combustion engines.
Thus, it is impossible to run an internal combustion engine on acetylene without a detonation phenomena control system.
The results obtained in the present paper may provide guidance for the design of practical internal combustion engines.
Formulated conclusions significantly expand the area of knowledge concerning the functioning of the internal combustion engine in dynamic conditions.
This suggests that a new combustion technique should be developed to yield improved primary combustion processes inside the engine with drastically reduced exhaust gas emissions.
Open accessJournal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2008
38 Citations
The poor performance of internal combustion (IC) engines can be attributed to the departure from equilibrium in the combustion process.
Although somewhat idealized, the effect of combustion on the performance and economics of the internal combustion engines gives a reasonable design goal and better understanding of the real-heat engine.
It has been concluded that the internal combustion engine could run with all fuel modes without any modifications and the performance is found to be comparable with that of fossil diesel.
The methods used and the results obtained in this paper can provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal design and operation of practical internal combustion engines.
The poor quality of motor fuels in countries with transition economies leads to increased carbon formation in internal combustion engines, and this adversely affects the environmental safety and operational efficiency of vehicles.

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What were the initial developments in fire detection technology before the invention of the modern fire alarm system?
5 answers
Before the invention of modern fire alarm systems, initial developments in fire detection technology focused on improving sensor systems, data processing, and monitoring technology. These early advancements aimed to address challenges such as reducing false alarms, enhancing responsiveness, and adapting to changing regulations with costly installations. The use of sensors, microelectronics, and information technology significantly enhanced fire detection capabilities, although the rise of synthetic materials in homes increased fire risks due to toxic fumes like carbon monoxide. Traditional methods like smoke or temperature-based analysis were common, but gas sensor-based approaches gained traction for their effectiveness in detecting fires early, especially using gases like carbon monoxide as a key indicator.
What is the fluorescent emission wavelenght of Nile red?
5 answers
The fluorescent emission wavelength of Nile red is in the range of approximately 530 nm to 640 nm, depending on the specific conditions and applications. Nile red has shown to be a suitable fluorescence marker for fuel labeling due to its emission spectrum falling within the range of λem ∽ 600 nm - 700 nm, making it ideal for sensory detection. Additionally, Nile red fluorescence has been utilized in the analysis of microplastics, where significant differences were observed in the emission spectra and fluorescence lifetimes of different types of plastics, showcasing its versatility in environmental studies. Furthermore, Nile red derivatives have been developed to fluoresce with good quantum yields in the 640 nm region in aqueous media, indicating its potential for various applications, including biotechnology.
How do additive and modifier effects impact the performance of PCM?
5 answers
Additives and modifiers play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of Phase Change Materials (PCMs). For instance, the addition of high thermal conductivity materials like carbon additives such as Multi-walled Carbon nanotube, Graphite, and Graphene can significantly improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs, thereby enhancing heat transfer rates during the phase transition. Similarly, inorganic PCM like CaCl2.6H2O can benefit from nucleator additives like Ba2CO3 and K2CO3 to reduce subcooling and stabilize phase transitions. Moreover, surfactant additives like TX-100 can increase the permanent memory effect (PME) in Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) films, affecting their electro-optical response positively. Overall, additives and modifiers offer avenues to tailor PCM properties, balancing thermal conductivity, latent heat, stability, and other performance parameters.
What is chemiluminesence?
5 answers
Chemiluminescence is a luminescence phenomenon resulting from a chemical reaction, emitting photons. It serves as a valuable analytical tool in various fields like biotechnology, pharmacology, and environmental analysis due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and lack of background signal. Techniques like chemiluminescence detection methods and devices have been developed to enhance accuracy and efficiency in applications such as tip loading judgment and detection speed improvement. Novel systems incorporating organic semiconductor polymer nanoparticles and manganese compounds have been designed to generate strong chemiluminescence for improved detection accuracy. Researchers have explored methods like filter-intensified fiber-based endoscopes to capture combustion radicals in flames under varying conditions, enhancing insights into flame physics.
What is variable operational definition?
4 answers
A variable operational definition refers to a method of defining and controlling variables in various systems or mechanisms. It involves specifying the procedures and criteria used to measure or manipulate variables within a particular context, such as in engine control systems, user interface devices, mechanical mechanisms, logical frameworks, or psychological research. By clearly defining and operationalizing variables, researchers and engineers can ensure consistency, accuracy, and control over the factors influencing their experiments or systems, leading to more reliable results and effective performance.
What are threshold limits for ultra fine particles?
5 answers
Threshold limits for ultrafine particles (UFPs), which are particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less, are not yet clearly established due to the complex nature of their impact on health and the environment. The current occupational aerosol standards, which have been historically based on the mass concentration of airborne particulate matter, do not adequately address the unique characteristics and potential risks posed by UFPs. This is partly because UFPs, despite their modest mass and size, have a significant presence in terms of the number of particles and their ability to reach the most distal lung regions, bypassing primary airway defenses. The historical debates over silica threshold limit values highlight the challenges in establishing protective standards for particulate matter, including UFPs, due to intense political and economic negotiations. Furthermore, the particle emissions from diesel and direct injection gasoline vehicles, which are a major source of UFPs, have prompted recent legislation to limit allowed particle emissions, leading to the introduction of new engine technologies and exhaust aftertreatment systems. Experimental evidence suggests that exposure to UFPs may cause severe health effects, indicating the need for characterizing biologically relevant exposure metrics beyond mass concentration, such as number, size, surface area, shape, solubility, and chemical reactivity. The variability in UFP properties depending on their sources, such as vehicle emissions, further complicates the establishment of threshold limits. Regulatory efforts, such as those by the Commission of the European Union and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, have focused on setting limit values for pollutants like PM10, but specific limits for UFPs remain underdeveloped. In summary, while there is a recognized need for threshold limits for UFPs to protect human health and the environment, the development of such standards is challenged by the particles' complex characteristics, variable sources, and the need for a multidimensional approach to measuring exposure.
How does pellet wood compare to wood environmental?
5 answers
Wood pellets are recognized as a renewable energy source that offers an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. The combustion of wood pellets has a neutral effect on increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Additionally, wood pellet heating systems are crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with European environmental goals. Life cycle assessments have shown that the production of wood pellets emits varying levels of environmental pollutants, with different production methods impacting costs and environmental impacts differently. Furthermore, studies have highlighted the importance of selecting the right burner and fuel type to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions, emphasizing the significance of managing the environmental performance of heat sources and fuels. Overall, wood pellets offer a sustainable and efficient option for heating while minimizing environmental impact.
What are the benefits of using wood-based mushroom compost?
5 answers
Wood-based mushroom compost offers various benefits in agriculture and energy production. It serves as an effective organic fertilizer, enhancing soil properties and increasing crop yields due to its nutrient-rich composition. Additionally, wood-based compost positively influences soil fertility parameters, organic carbon content, and nutrient availability, outperforming conventional fertilization methods. Furthermore, the utilization of spent mushroom compost (SMC) derived from wood-based substrates contributes to sustainable practices by supporting a zero-waste approach, with potential applications in renewable energy production like biogas and bioethanol. Moreover, wood-based mushroom compost can be utilized in energy valorization processes, demonstrating good combustion characteristics and promoting sustainable energy production while maintaining environmental standards.
What are the current problems in hydrogen fuel in maritime industry?
5 answers
Current problems in hydrogen fuel in the maritime industry include challenges related to infrastructure development, technological advancements, safety concerns, and storage efficiency. Infrastructure development for hydrogen production, storage, and transportation is crucial but requires significant advancements. Safety issues arise due to the toxicity, flammability, and corrosiveness of hydrogen and ammonia, posing risks during bunkering processes. Technological challenges include the lack of knowledge on hydrogen combustion properties in internal combustion engines, affecting efficiency and performance. Storage efficiency is a key concern due to the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen, necessitating innovative storage methods. Overcoming these obstacles is essential for the widespread adoption of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable fuel in the maritime sector.
What is HE strand all about?
5 answers
HE Strand is a multifaceted concept encompassing various subjects across different contexts. Michael Strand, an entomologist, delves into the significance of insects in ecosystems, focusing on areas like genomics, molecular biology, and pest management. On the other hand, David Strand's work revolves around Chinese political dynamics, citizenship studies, and the interplay between culture and politics in modern China. Additionally, there are references to energy transmission strands for range extender modules, and the exploration of beach findings and transformations in "Strands" by Jean Sprackland. Each context provides a unique perspective on different aspects related to strands, ranging from insect physiology and political discourse to energy transmission and beachcombing experiences.
Does the sugar content affect the boiling point of a beverage?
5 answers
The sugar content in a beverage significantly impacts its boiling point. Research indicates that as the sugar concentration increases, the boiling point of aqueous sugar solutions rises due to non-ideality effects, affecting the design of evaporators and heat transfer operations. Moreover, the heat-transfer coefficients decrease with higher sugar concentrations due to changes in fluid properties and a local rise in saturation temperature at the vapor-liquid interface. The Duhring rule and Antoine equation have been used to model the boiling point elevation in sugar cane juice, showing pressure independence at lower concentrations and variations at higher levels. Additionally, a study on supersaturation control in sugar solutions developed a method based on total dissipation factor measurements, showcasing its independence from crystal content in massecuites.