Showing papers on "Addiction published in 1981"
TL;DR: Improvement in psychological function was clearly related to general improvement in most other areas, including chemical abuse, indicating the potential importance of psychologically oriented therapy in substance abuse treatment.
Abstract: The “addiction-related” medical, social, and psychological problems of substance abusers are often considered by-products of prolonged alcohol or drug abuse which will be generally improved following achievement of abstinence. As a test of this view, measures of problem severity in six areas commonl
121 citations
119 citations
TL;DR: Almost one‐third of the women (Group I) succeeded in overcoming their addiction in early pregnancy and 74% of infants born to mothers with continuous amphetamine addiction throughout pregnancy remained in their mother's custody following discharge from the maternity clinic.
Abstract: The adverse effects of amphetamine addiction during pregnancy and the neonatal period were studied in 69 Swedish women. Almost one-third of the women (Group I) succeeded in overcoming their addiction in early pregnancy. The women in Group I (n = 17), unlike those in Group II (n = 53), received the same amount of prenatal care as the average Swedish woman. An increased rate of preterm deliveries (25%) as well as a higher perinatal mortality (7.5%) was found in Group II. During the neonatal period an increased incidence of mother-infant separation was found since many of the infants (46%) were transferred to pediatric wards for medical and social reasons. All newborns in Group I and 74% of infants born to mothers with continuous amphetamine addiction throughout pregnancy remained in their mother's custody following discharge from the maternity clinic.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory (MMCI) and a questionnaire for elicitation of demographic information were administered to 35 male compulsive gamblers, all members of Gamblers Anonymous.
Abstract: The Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory (MMCI) and a questionnaire for the elicitation of demographic information were administered to 35 male compulsive gamblers, all members of Gamblers Anonymous (GA). In Comparison with Millon's normative sample, the GA members scored significantly higher on the Gregarious, Narcissistic, Aggressive, and Drug Abuse Scales, and significantly lower on the Conforming and Neurotic Depression Scales. The discussion centers around the implications of these results and the information obtained from the demographic questionnaires.
88 citations
TL;DR: Interest has broadened beyond the traditional problem of alcoholism, to include drunkenness offences and the increased risk of industrial or road accidents associated with drinking.
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a growing international concern with the problem of alcohol abuse. Interest has broadened beyond the traditional problem of alcoholism, to include drunkenness offences and the increased risk of industrial or road accidents associated with drinking. Most medical experts(1) consider the effects of sustained heavy drinking to be comparable with drug addiction in that the initial development of some degree of tolerance is eventually replaced by chronic physical dependence.
53 citations
TL;DR: Physicians experiencing addiction problems before age 40 years were more likely to exhibit serious psychopathology in the borderline range, while physicians older than 40 years are morelikely to exhibit organic brain impairment and depression.
Abstract: Fifty physicians were evaluated and treated in a psychiatrically oriented, short-term addiction program. Psychopathology ranged from overt schizophrenia to no demonstrable psychiatric syndrome other than the addiction. Physicians experiencing addiction problems before age 40 years were more likely to exhibit serious psychopathology in the borderline range, while physicians older than 40 years were more likely to exhibit organic brain impairment and depression. Treatment outcome had some relation to psychiatric diagnosis but no relation to the addictive agent.
52 citations
01 Apr 1981
TL;DR: These studies and those of others suggest that very rapid tests for opiate activity and for addictive liability can be devised by use of IBMX, and opiates may be used clinically to counter poisoning by caffeine or theophylline; and a relationship may exist between caffeine consumption and opiate addiction.
Abstract: A quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome (QMWS) is a pattern of behavior closely resembling the true withdrawal syndrome in the opiate-dependent animal, which can be elicited acutely by a nonopiate drug in an opiate-naive animal. The main criteria proposed for the QMWS, in addition to its resembling the true withdrawal syndrome, are that the effects of opiates and of opiate antagonists on the QMWS should parallel those on true opiate withdrawal. Drugs that wholly or largely fulfill these criteria are 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), theophylline, caffeine, ICI 63197, and RO 201724. From the evidence given, it is concluded that these drugs act by inhibiting brain cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, thus raising the level of cyclic AMP in appropriate neurons. These findings are consistent with the view that the molecular mechanisms of opiate dependence is the hypertrophy of a neuronal cyclic AMP system in compensation for the inhibition by opiate of an adenylate cyclase. Our studies and those of others suggest that: a) very rapid tests for opiate activity and for addictive liability can be devised by use of IBMX; b) opiates may be used clinically to counter poisoning by caffeine or theophylline; and c) a relationship may exist between caffeine consumption and opiate addiction.
48 citations
TL;DR: The varying life-styles of narcotic addicts in Baltimore during the first decade of their addictive careers are examined and a general hypothesis linking social class, associated competencies, and pattern of addiction emerges.
Abstract: The varying life-styles of narcotic addicts in Baltimore during the first decade of their addictive careers are examined with respect to the following: (1) periods of addiction, (2) transitions from addiction, (3) periods of nonaddiction. Emphasis is upon the relationship between aspects of the life-styles and the characterization of addicts according to a typology based on the concepts of opportunity and motivation to use narcotics. What emerges is a general hypothesis linking social class, associated competencies, and pattern of addiction.
47 citations
01 Jul 1981
TL;DR: A review of the contributions of research on behavioral mechanisms of drug dependence, to interpret the relation of animal and human behavioral pharmacology findings to prevention of human drug dependence.
Abstract: : A review of the contributions of research on behavioral mechanisms of drug dependence, to interpret the relation of animal and human behavioral pharmacology findings to prevention of human drug dependence. The monograph brings together concepts from clinical and behavioral pharmacology and seeks the common processes underlying various forms of substance abuse. It describes effects of personality and the individual's history of drug exposure upon drug self-administration and discusses control of drug-related behavior by external and internal stimuli. Other sections deal with commonalities and differences among reinforcers and the maintenance of drug dependence by complex second-order schedules, in which drug-using behavior is maintained by environmental stimuli only remotely linked with drug administration. Keywords: Drug addiction, Pharmacology, Conditioned responses, Conditioned stimulus, Substances abuse, Behavior, Self-administration of drugs.
46 citations
37 citations
TL;DR: There was a marked decrease from preintervention incidence of drug use, crime, and unemployment among 208 addicts, most of whom were White middle-class heroin users, both graduates and "splitees," who participated in one of two California therapeutic communities.
Abstract: Relatively little is known about the efficacy of the therapeutic community as an intervention for drug abusers. The few published outcome studies vary widely in their conclusions; some claim extraordinary success while others cite much more modest results. This study reports the incidence of behavior changes (drug use, criminality, and unemployment) among 208 addicts, most of whom were White middle-class heroin users, both graduates and “splitees,” who participated in one of two California therapeutic communities. One program lasted 3 months and the other 10-12 months. Follow-up interviews conducted 11-18 months after participants left the treatment setting found only nine individuals, 4.3% of the participants, who totally abstained from drugs. There was, however, a marked decrease from preintervention incidence of drug use, crime, and unemployment. The most impressive behavior changes occurred among those who participated in the long-term program, as contrasted with the shorter one, and among those who g...
TL;DR: L-alpha-acetylmethadol was as effective as methadone on all outcome measures, including length of stay in treatment, and two clinicopharmacologic properties of LAAM caused some patients to ask for a switch to methamphetamine.
Abstract: The authors compared l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) with methadone for clinical effectiveness in the treatment of narcotic addiction. LAAM was as effective as methadone on all outcome measures, including length of stay in treatment. Two clinicopharmacologic properties of LAAM caused some patients to ask for a switch to methadone. The authors describe these phenomena and discuss their impact on the clinical effectiveness of LAAM.
TL;DR: The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings and the construction and validation of a self-rating anxiety inventory, and the effect of carbimazole on exercise tolerance in airways obstruction.
Abstract: 6 Anonymous. Diazepam and breathlessness. Lancet 1980;ii:242-3. Mitchell-Heggs P, Murphy K, Minty K, et al. Diazepam in the treatment of dyspnoea in the pink puffer syndrome. Q J Med 1980;49:9-20. 8 Salkind M. Doctoral dissertation. The construction and validation of a self-rating anxiety inventory. University of London, 1973. 9 Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961 ;4:561-71. 0 Bond A, Lader M. The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings. BrJ7 Med Psychol 1974;47:211-8. 11 McGavin CR, Artvinli M, Nade H, et al. Dyspnoea, disability and distance walked: comparison of estimates of exercise performance in respiratory disease. Br MedJ 1978;ii:241-3. 12 McGavin CR, Gupta SP, McHardy GJR. Twelve-minute walking test for assessing disability in chronic bronchitis. Br MedJ3 1976;i:822-3. 13 Mungall IPF, Hainsworth R. Assessment of respiratory function in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1980 ;34 :254-8. 14 Jones NL, Campbell EJM, Edwards RHT, et al. Clinical Exercise Testing. Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co, 1975;201. 15 Davies NJH, Denison DM. The measurement of metabolic gas exchange and minute volume by mass spectrometry alone. Respir Physiol 1979 ;36: 261-7. 16 Butland RJA, Pang J, Geddes DM. The effect of carbimazole on exercise tolerance in airways obstruction. Thorax 1980;35:718. 17 Butland RJA, Pang J, Geddes DM, et al. The effect of 3 adrenergic blockade on exercise tolerance and hyperventilation in emphysema. Clin Sci 1980;58, suppl:7P.
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25 Nov 1981
TL;DR: A 66-year-old man presented in April 1979 with a flu-like illness and pleuritic chest pain and was referred for investigation four months later because of persisting fatigue and lassitude.
Abstract: A 66-year-old man presented in April 1979 with a flu-like illness and pleuritic chest pain. He was referred for investigation four months later because of persisting fatigue and lassitude. He had developed pain and stiffness of the neck and shoulders but no other symptoms. Examination showed a blood pressure of 220/110 mm Hg, an exudative retinopathy, and albuminuria. The liver was moderately enlarged. Haemoglobin concentration and white cell and platelet counts were normal. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 106 mm in first hour. Blood urea concentration was 6-8 mmol/l (41 mg/100 ml), plasma sodium 141 mmol (mEq)/l, potassium 4-1 mmol(mEq)/l, and creatinine 73 Htmol/l (0-82 mg/ 100 ml). Creatinine clearance was 68 ml/min and urinary protein 6 g/24 h, and red and white cell casts were seen in the urinary deposit. An intravenous pyclogram was normal. A renal biopsy specimen showed focal glomerulonephritis (figure). There
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Characteristics of 296 alcohol and/or drug abuse clients assigned to either in-patient programmes, out- patient programmes, or a lower cost primary care alternative were examined, finding out-patients had more favourable prognostic indicators, such as higher social stability and lower level of alcoholic involvement.
Abstract: This study examined characteristics of 296 alcohol and/or drug abuse clients assigned to either (1) in-patient programmes, (2) out-patient programmers, or (3) a lower cost primary care alternative. Multivariate analysis indicated that clients admitted for in-patient care reported greater alcohol consumption and associated problems, fewer community supports and more severe symptoms such as depression and anxiety. They tended to be more frank about their problems while defence mechanisms were more apparent in clients admitted to out-patient and primary care programmers. In general, out-patients ahd more favourable prognostic indicators, such as higher social stability and lower level of alcoholic involvement. The differences among treatment programmers were along quantitative dimensions of problem severity. In particular, the alcohol dependence syndrome was a major discriminating dimension.
TL;DR: A pharmacological classification of the most commonly used addictive drugs based on the alterations of arousal, awareness, impairment of sleep, memory, psychomotor performance and sensory perception which are symptomatic of neuropsychological toxicity are proposed.
Abstract: This paper questions the validity of the distinction between "psychic" and "physical" dependence in relation to drug addiction. The author describes the action of dependence-producing or addictive drugs on the brain at the neuronal and structural level as well as the alterations of arousal, awareness, impairment of sleep, memory, psychomotor performance and sensory perception which are symptomatic of neuropsychological toxicity. Addictive drugs are consumed for the primary pleasurable reward that they produce as a result of their effects on the pleasure reward mechanisms of the brain. These pleasurable sensations will act as reinforcers for repeated administration when the drug effects have worn off and induce a compulsive drug-oriented behaviour. The tolerance, which develops to addictive drugs and the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms, are added reinforcers. The author therefore proposes a pharmacological classification of the most commonly used addictive drugs based on these foregoing effects which may be quantified to a large extent.
TL;DR: Studies examining the pretreatment alcohol and drug use of adolescents enrolled in drug treatment programs suggest that their patterns of use may be more similar to those of adolescents in school populations than to Those of adults receiving treatment for drug addiction or alcoholism.
Abstract: use have become established in the lives of adolescents in many American communities. During the past decade patterns of use have undergone rapid and at times erratic changes (8-12), and their delineation has been hampered by practical constraints as well as methodological and theoretical differences and biases among investigators (13-15). An especially significant and continuing problem has been to identify adolescents who would benefit from programs of intervention and treatment. Studies (16-20) examining the pretreatment alcohol and drug use of adolescents enrolled in drug treatment programs suggest that their patterns of use may be more similar to those of adolescents in school populations than to those of adults receiving treatment for drug addiction or alcoholism. While alcohol is still the
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01 Feb 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the utility of behavior therapy with drug addiction is investigated and preliminary investigations suggest that behavior therapy has utility with this problem, but results show that the utility is questionable.
Abstract: Techniques employed in the behavioral assessment of drug addiction are critically reviewed While preliminary investigations suggest the utility of behavior therapy with this problem, results shoul
TL;DR: Despite the variability in sampling methods, most factors did not show significant differences and some differences were noted in current age, age at addiction, and mode of using opium.
Abstract: Various case finding techniques have been employed in the study of narcotic addiction. Each method contains its own bias, though their nature and extent are often not clear. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bias of three case finding techniques: (1) a field survey of addicts (n = 28), (2) patients voluntarily seeking treatment for addiction at the medical facility (n = 81), and (3) patients voluntarily seeking help for addiction at a Buddhist monastery (n = 118). All subjects belonged to the Hmong ethnic group, a tribal people of southeast Asia who grow the opium poppy as a cash crop. Despite the variability in sampling methods, most factors did not show significant differences. These included sex ratio, marital status, occupation, duration of addiction, and number of opiate doses per day. Some differences were noted in current age, age at addiction, and mode of using opium. Possible causes for those observed differences are explored.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: Propoxyphene may be less dangerous than most narcotics, but it is more available by prescription and less expensive then illegal opiates, making it a prime target for both abuse and addiction.
Abstract: Despite the initial claims that propoxyphene (Darvon) provides analgesia without risk of dependence, there is growing international recognition of its addictive potential, with documentation of both psychological dependence and physical withdrawal symptoms. However, many physicians remain uninformed of the true nature of the drug and its potential for abuse and addiction. In terms of frequency of addiction among users, propoxyphene may be less dangerous than most narcotics, but it is more available by prescription and less expensive then illegal opiates, making it a prime target for both abuse and addiction. At present, increased caution by prescribing physicians is indicated. Patients now taking the drug should be carefully monitored for signs of abuse or dependence.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The authors discuss the usefulness of such criteria as a first step toward a more sophisticated analysis of addiction and suggest that no single criterion is sufficient to define an addiction and not all are necessary.
Abstract: The foregoing discussion attempts to accomplish two objectives: (1) to present criteria which are commonly employed to characterize "addictions"; (2) to discuss the usefulness of such criteria as a first step toward a more sophisticated analysis. It should be obvious that no single criterion is sufficient to define an addiction. Also, not all are necessary. These criteria, growing out of common usage, are imprecise, but they offer a basis for assessing common properties in more highly refined ways.