Showing papers on "Ammonium hydroxide published in 1991"

Salt Antagonism of Glyphosate

Abstract: Glyphosate is often applied with diammonium sulfate to increase weed control. However, many other salts in the spray carrier have antagonized glyphosate phytotoxicity. Research was conducted with wheat as a bioassay species to further determine the influence of various salts on glyphosate phytotoxicity. Cation antagonism of glyphosate occurred with iron > zinc > calcium ≥ magnesium > sodium > potassium. Ammonium cation with hydroxide or most other anions was not antagonistic. Anions of ammonium compounds were of primary importance in overcoming glyphosate antagonistic salts, while the ammonium cation was neutral or slightly stimulatory with certain anions. Sulfate, phosphate, citrate, and acetate anions were not antagonistic, but nitrate and chloride anions were slightly antagonistic when applied as ammonium salts or acids. Antagonism of glyphosate action by sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride was overcome by phosphoric, sulfuric, and citric acid and phosphate, sulfate, and citrate ammonium salts. Acid and ammonium salts of nitrate and chloride were more effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate than calcium chloride antagonists of glyphosate. Ferric sulfate antagonism was overcome only by citric, partly by phosphoric and sulfuric but not by nitric and hydrochloric acids or their ammonium salts. Acetic acid, ammonium acetate, and ammonium hydroxide did not overcome any salt antagonism of glyphosate. Glyphosate response to salts was independent of spray carrier pH.

Surface treating agent for aluminum line pattern substrate

Abstract: A surface treating agent for an aluminum line pattern substrate is disclosed, comprising an aqueous solution containing 0.01 to 15% by weight of quaternary ammonium hydroxide represented by the general formula: (see fig. I) wherein R is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a hydroxy-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and R1, R2 and R3 are independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and 0.1 to 20% by weight of sugar or sugar alcohol. This agent can inhibit the after-corrosion of aluminum effectively.

Toxic Effects of Manure, Alfalfa, and Ammonia on Emergence and Growth of Cucumber Seedlings

Abstract: Chopped alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), alfalfa hay extract, and ammonium hydroxide produced free ammonia in media and inhibited both germination and seed- ling growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Toxic levels of ammonia were not pro- duced by the quantities of manure added to the media. Alfalfa extract enhanced cucumber seedling growth in sand medium while inhibiting growth in sand-soil media. This difference is attributed to a reduced level of microbial activity in the sand. With higher levels of microbial activity, rapid decomposition of the extract may have resulted in a burst of ammonia evolution that proved damaging to cucumbers. The natural buffering capacity of the soil medium apparently mitigated the effects of the ammonia. Ammo- nium hydroxide, which did not depend on microbiological activity to release ammonia, proved lethal to cucumbers grown in sand. A diminished effect on growth was observed as the cation exchange capacity of the medium increased. Because high levels of alfalfa hay and ammonium hydroxide were required to produce toxic levels of ammonia in soil, it is unlikely that cucumbers would be harmed under normal field usage of alfalfa hay.

Chemical Detoxification of Aflatoxin‐containing Copra

Abstract: Aflatoxin-containing copra at moisture contents of 24% and 7% was effectively detoxified by ammonium hydroxide (> 97% and 89% reduction, respectively). Detoxification was accomplished in 5 days using 1.5% ammonium hydroxide (ammonia/copra); in 10 days using 1.0% and in 15 days using 0.5%. The initial aflatoxin B1 concentration of 500 ppb (9% moisture) was reduced to ≤ 20 ppb. Detoxification trials using a screw expeller showed 67% reduction in aflatoxin content of the oil with 1.0% ammonia.

Conversion of silica precursors to silica at low temperatures

Abstract: This invention relates to a low temperature method of converting silica precursor coatings to ceramic silica coatings. The method comprises applying a silica precursor coating to a substrate, exposing the coating to an environment comprising ammonium hydroxide and/or wet ammonia vapors and subjecting the coating to a temperature sufficient to yield the ceramic coating. The methods of the invention are particularly applicable to applying coatings on electronic devices.

Uniform hydrolysis of metal alkoxides via homogeneous generation of water

Abstract: In situ polymerization of titanium, silicon, zirconium, and aluminum-zirconium alkoxides was accomplished via homogeneous generation of water. Tertiary alcohol dehydration, pinacol rearrangement, esterification, amide synthesis/decomposition and Hoffman degradation (quaternary ammonium hydroxide base decomposition) were the potential water-generating methods examined. Using tertiary alcohol dehydration or esterification reactions, it was possible to synthesize gels and powders. Some physical and chemical characteristics of these materials are reported.

Process for producing perchloric acid and ammonium perchlorate

Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate is produced a process which comprises: (a) oxidizing a solution of chloric acid substantially free of ionic impurities, (b) introducing gaseous ammonia or an ammonium hydroxide solution into the crystallizing zone to produce ammonium perchlorate crystals, wherein the aqueous solution of perchloric acid and/or the ammonium hydroxide solution is in droplet form. High purity ammonium perchlorate crystals can now be produced directly which are free of transition metals, sulfates and phosphates, as well as substantially free of other ionic impurities including alkali metals, chlorate and chloride.

Electrosynthesis of quaternary ammonium hydroxides

Abstract: Quaternary ammonium hydroxides (QAH) are very useful phase transfer catalysts [I-3] as well as intermediates for synthesizing quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) by neutralization with the appropriate acid QAS have found great use in phase transfer catalysis and as supporting electrolytes in electroorganic synthesis [4] and electroanalyses From an industrial point of view, QAH and QAS are not easily available and their cost is high Thus, it is necessary to develop processes to synthesize these compounds starting from relatively cheap and easily available raw materials such as quaternary ammonium chlorides and bromides Three major methods have been reported in the literature for the preparation of QAH: (a) reaction of quaternary ammonium chloride or bromide with silver oxide This method is limited by the use of relatively expensive reagents; (b) anion exchange between potassium hydroxide and quaternary ammonium chloride or bromide in alcoholic solution This method is generally limited because the yields are not quantitative and therefore QAH becomes contaminated with both starting materials and by product potassium halide, which does not precipitate completely; and (c) electrolysis using a divided cell in which the anolyte is an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium chloride and is separated from the catholyte by means of a cation exchange membrane [5, 6] As a result, a pure aqueous solution of QAH is obtained in the catholyte The method works well with quaternary ammonium cations of low molecular weight such as tetramethyl

Caustic free liquid/liquid process for sweeting a sour hydrocarbon fraction

Abstract: This invention relates to a liquid-liquid process for treating a sour hydrocarbon fraction. The process comprises contacting the hydrocarbon fraction in the presence of an oxidizing agent with an aqueous solution containing ammonium hydroxide, a metal chelate and an onium compound selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, arsonium, stibonium, oxonium and sulfonium compounds. A preferred onium compound is a quaternary ammonium compound with an especially preferred compound being a quaternary ammonium halide.

Smoke reducing additive for two-cycle engine lubricant-fuel mixture comprising the Hofmann decomposition products of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide

Abstract: A process for reducing smoke emitted from a two-cycle internal combustion engine wherein the engine is operated with a lubricant oil-fuel mixture containing certain quaternary ammonium hydroxides. A preferred quaternary ammonium hydroxide is tricapryl methyl quaternary ammonium hydroxide.

Hydrous oxides of titanium: cation exchange properties and kinetics of exchange

Abstract: In the case of gels precipitated by ammonium carbonate, oxygen gas was used as the oxidizing agent whereas with ammonium hydroxide as precipitant, oxidation was performed with hydrogen peroxide. Ion exchange capacities were determined by visible spectrophotometry. Increasing the pH of preparation lead to an increase in exchange capacities of the hydroxide precipitated gels that are characterized to be mesoporous. Such an increase is not observed in the case of carbonate precipitated microporous gels. It is shown that in the latter case the NH,~ ions generated by the initial interaction of (NH4)2C03 with the acidic titanous chloride lead to the formation of titania exchangers that are predominantly in the, ammonium form. The textural characteristics of the exchanger resulting from different conditions of preparation is a significant contributing parameter to the resulting data. Ageing of the microporous titania samples markedly reduces the exchanger capacity of the smaller Ni 2+ ions but increases that of the bulkier Cr 3§ as a result of the presence of some wide pores that appear upon agglomeration. The presence of Cr 3§ ions in the hydroxo form in solution seems to inhibit its exchange with the appropriate surface species. Studies on the kinetics of exchange with respect to the Ni 2+ ions seem to indicate that a particle diffusion mechanism is partly or completely responsible for the rate of exchange.

Anisotropic etchant for silicon

Abstract: PURPOSE:To use the title anisotropic etchant during an IC process, to improve workability and the accuracy of finishing and to form an etching surface in a mirror surface by containing one kind of a specific ammonium hydroxide at specific content. CONSTITUTION:At least one kind of a quaternary ammonium hydroxide shown in (R1R2R3R4N) OH contained within a range from 20wt.% to 50wt.% in the relaxation of content. (where R1-4 represents an arbitrary alkyl group of IC to 10C) A micro-pyramid is generated in an etching surface and irregularities are increased when the concentration of tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxide in an etching solution is brought to 20wt.% or less. When the content is made larger than 50wt.%, the viscosity of the etchant is augmented, a diffusion is delayed and an etching rate is decreased. When a methyl group and an ethyl group are used particularly as a substituent group as an alkyl substituent group, a specular effect is improved. When the number of carbon exceeds ten, molecular weight is increased, and the etching rate is reduced with the delay of the diffusion resulting from the viscosity of the liquid.

Complete fertilizer and fungus nutrient material with low solubility and method for making same

Abstract: A complete fertilizer and nutrient material with low solubility comprised of potassium calcium sulfate, calcium ammonium phosphate, and ammonium bitartrate. The low solubility fertilizer is made easily from commonly available substances. Potassium bi-tartrate is dissolved with ammonium hydroxide solution forming a solution. An aqueous slurry is made from calcium sulphate and monocalcium phosphate. The solution and slurry are mixed. A precipitate then forms, which is a complete fertilizer, 8-10-7, having low solubility. The fertilizer is easily produced. The composition can also be used as a nutrient material for growing fungi.

Chromatographic determination of ions

Abstract: Herein described is a process for the chromatographic determination of ions, particularly anions on a reversed-phase column, in which sample ions are introduced into a mobile phase containing a modifier and a counterion, the mobile phase with the modifier, counterion and sample ions is passed through the column and, after separation with the aid of a suitable detection method, preferably an indirect UV-detection method, the individual sample ions are determined quantitatively via the decrease the counterion concentration in the eluent. In this process the mobile phase is a mixture of water an an organic solvent and has a pH-value of more than 5. The modifier used is a quaternary ammonium hydroxide of formula ##STR1## in which at least one radical is a straight-chained or branched alkyl radical with at least 8 and up to 20, more particularly 12 to 18 C-atoms. Prior to the passage of the mobile phase containing the sample ions, the reversed-phase column is preferably brought into equilibrium with the modifier, particularly with the modifier and the counterior. Trimethyl hexadecyl ammonium hydroxide is preferable used as the quaternary ammonium hydroxide. Also described herein is the use of said quaternary ammonium hydroxides for the quantitative chromatographic determination of ions and in particular for the determination of inorganic anions, as well as a reversed-phase material chromatographic column obtained through the conditioning with the modifier.

Production of high-purity quaternary ammonium hydroxide

Abstract: PURPOSE:To readily obtain the subject compound which is a solute of electrolytes used in electrolytic capacitors, raw material for medicines, etc., in high purity by dissolving a quaternary ammonium salt in a specific solvent and dialyzing the resultant solution under prescribed conditions using an electrodialytic method with an anion exchange membrane. CONSTITUTION:A quaternary ammonium salt expressed by the formula (R1 to R4 are organic substituent group; X is acid radical) is dissolved in at least one polar organic solvent (especially a lower saturated monohydric alcohol is preferred from aspects of usability and economical efficiency) selected from mono- or dihydric alcohols having 1-6C chain saturated hydrocarbon as a skeleton, 2-3C saturated nitriles, 3-6C saturated dialkyl acid amides and 3-6C alkylene glycol monoalkyl ethers as a solvent and the resultant solution is converted into the objective compound under conditions of <=45 deg.C electrodialytic temperature and <=30wt.% concentration of the compound expressed by the formula according to electrodialysis with an anion exchange membrane. Thereby, the objective compound is obtained.

Production of spherical calcium carbonate

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain spherical particles of calcium carbonate having a narrow distribution of particle size with using a simple device by dissolving a reaction buffer in a carbonate ion solution, mixing the solution with a Ca ion solution and then adding an inhibitor against growth of crystals in the reaction process of the mixture solution. CONSTITUTION:The Ca-ion solution is mixed with the carbonate-ion solution containing the reaction buffer which controls the shape of particles. When particles of calcium carbonate produced in this reaction process of the mixture solution grow to a desired particle size, an inhibitor against growth of crystals is added thereto to control the particle size. By this method, calcium carbonate having desired spherical form can be obtained at room temp. and atmospheric pressure. The reaction buffer to be used is an electrolyte such as nitrate, sulfate, chloride, etc., of alkali metal or ammonium. If the buffer is not dissolved, cubic crystalline calcite is produced. The inhibitor against growth of crystals is an alkali agent such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, ammonia, etc.

Synthesis of [14C]A‐62514, a radiolabelled derivative of erythromycin a, via [2‐14C]N, N‐dimethylethylenediamine

Abstract: The synthesis of [14C]A-62514, 11-deoxy-11-[carboxy(2-dimethylamino-[1-14C]ethyl)amino]-6-0-methyl-erythromycin A 11,12-(cyclic ester), was performed in five steps. The key intermediate, [2-14C]N, N-dimethylethyl-enediamine, was obtained in 80% yield by reacting Eschenmoser's salt with K14CN and reducing the resulting [1-14C]N, N-dimethylglycinonitrile with H12 and Raney Ni in methanol and ammonium hydroxide. The final product was obtained 97% radiochemically pure in an overall radiochemical yield of 14%, with a specific activity of 39 mCi/mmol.

Production of dichloro-(2,2)-paracyclophane

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the subject compounds with an industrial advantage by carrying out a Hofmann elimination reaction of 2(3)-chloro-p- methylbenzyltrimethylammonium halide through a quaternary ammonium hydroxide in dioxane solvent. CONSTITUTION:Dioxane is used as a solvent in production of a compound of formula II useful as an intermediate of polydichloro-p-xylylene resin widely used for coating of, e.g. electronic components such as semiconductors and space machine components by reacting a compound of formula I (Cl is substituent at 2 or 3 position to trimethylaminomethyl group on benzene ring; X is Cl or Br) with an aqueous solution of an alkaline hydroxide and then carrying out a Hofmann elimination reaction of the resultant quaternary ammonium hydroxide. The objective compound can be obtained using an economic solvent easy to handle in a high yield and with an industrially remarkable advantage, e.g. no requirement of strict process control and a shortened reaction time.

Antistatic agent for synthetic resin

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the title antistatic agent having excellent immediate effects, durability, stability with time and excellent heat resistance, comprising a specific quaternary ammonium compound and a specific ester in a specific ratio. CONSTITUTION:The objective antistatic agent comprising (A) a quaternary ammonium compound shown by the formula (R is 11-21C alkyl or alkenyl; m is 2 or 3; n is 1-5; R is methyl or ethyl) and (B) an ester obtained from a polyglycerin having 2-7 degree of polymerization and 12-22C (unsaturated) saturated fatty acid in the ratio of the component A:B = (10-70):(90-30). The compound A is produced by condensing 1 mol 12-22C (unsaturated) saturated fatty acid (ester) with 0.8-3 mols dialkylaminoalkylamine to give an amide compound, adding an alkylene oxide to the amide compound in the presence of water to give a quaternary ammonium hydroxide compound and then neutral izing the compound with perchloric acid.

Production of collagen sol

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a white collagen sol having high heat resistance and suitable to surface modifier of paper, sheet, etc, by subjecting an animal tissue containing an alkali treated collagen to specific treatment such as purification treatment using a specific enzyme treating liquid CONSTITUTION:An animal tissue containing alkali-treated collagen is subjected to purification treatment using an enzyme treating liquid consisting of 02-06 ptswt papain and 01-02 ptswt pancreatin as enzyme, 02-1 ptswt L-glutamic acid, 02-12 ptswt potassium hydrogen L-tartarate, 03-3 ptswt nonionic surfactant, 0-0004 ptswt chondroitin sodium sulfate and 0-10 ptswt quaternary ammonium hydroxide (salt) as assistants and then subjected to acid dipping and humid fine pulverizing and then a crosslinking agent consisting of 5-20 ptswt saccharose and 08-25 ptswt boric acid salt is added to the resultant powder and the powder is treated with the crosslinking agent to provide the aimed collagen sol

Composition useful for stripping photoresist polymers

Abstract: Photohardened resist masks are stripped from substrate surfaces, particularly metal surfaces of printed circuit boards, using a solution of at least one lower alkyl monoether of propylene glycol, at least one alkanolamine and at least one quaternary ammonium hydroxide compound. The solution may be diluted with water in an amount of up to about eighty percent of composition weight. If the composition contains any C2-6 alkanol, it is present in less than 5 percent by weight. 34,908-F

Method for refining bupleurum root saponin

Abstract: PURPOSE:To carry out rough refining including degreaing and alkali removal in one step by imparting Bupleurum root saponin to high-speed liq. chromatography provided with a hydrophilic vinyl polymer gel column. CONSTITUTION:The root of Bupleurum falcatum Linne or its variety is crushed and extracted with alkaline methanol (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, pyridine, etc., are exemplified as the alkaline agent). The extract is centrifugally separated from solid and diluted with water twice as much, and the insoluble, if any, is filtered off. The extract is mixed with the equal amt. of water, and the mixture is injected by a pump into the high- speed liq. chromatography provided with hydrophilic vinyl polymer gel column equilibrated with water and adsorbed. The column is then washed with water and eluted by water-contg. methanol to obtain roughly refined Bupleurum root saponin. The rough refining including degreasing and alkali removal is easily and rapidly carried out with high efficiency by this method.

Method of making luminescent grade boron phosphate

Abstract: Luminescent grade, small particle size boron phosphate is prepared by reacting diammonium phosphate with an excess amount of boric acid and washing the product with ammonium hydroxide solution.