Showing papers on "Biodiesel published in 2023"
TL;DR: In this article , the potential of Carthamus lanatus L. seed oil (CSO) as novel, non-edible and waste feedstock was investigated for producing biodiesel using cobalt tungstate loaded reduced graphene oxide (CoWO3@rGO).
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a new non-edible oil of Diospyros malabarica (Malabar Ebony) was analyzed for the synthesis of eco-friendly biodiesel using newly synthesized green nanoparticles (NPs) of Cadmium oxide (CdO 2 ) prepared from leaf extract of Buxus papillosa via biological method followed by in situ wet impregnation approach.
35 citations
TL;DR: Using different types of nanoparticles, especially the metallic ones, to produce various kinds of bio-fuels such as biodiesel, biohydrogen, biogas, and bioethanol can improve production performance and efficiency as discussed by the authors .
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , economic feasibility studies and life cycle assessment of biodiesel showed positive outcome indicating that biodiesel production and utilization is viable and sustainable, and the measure of the effectiveness of any technique depends on ease of operability and the percentage yield obtained at the end of the production process.
Abstract: The current focus on renewable energy as a means of mitigating carbon footprint and emission of greenhouse gases has gathered momentum over the years. Biodiesel is one of the promising alternatives for the replacement of the conventional diesel. Currently about 36 billion liters of biodiesel has been produced globally by different countries using various feedstock such as edible oils, non-edible oils, algae oil, genetically modified microbes and waste sludge oils. Several techniques such as direct blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking and transesterification etc, have been used for production of biodiesel from various feedstock. The measure of the effectiveness of any technique depends on ease of operability and the percentage yield obtained at the end of the production process. Economic feasibility studies and life cycle assessment of biodiesel showed positive outcome indicating that biodiesel production and utilization is viable and sustainable.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the performance and emissions of a small diesel engine powered with ternary blends of algal biodiesel, diesel, and diethyl ether, and developed a prognostic model for the engine's performance and exhaust emission.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors used NiFe2O4-GO nanoparticles for the transesterification of algal lipids and found that the immobilization was caused by interfacial activation on hydrophobic supports.
Abstract: Candida rugosa lipase was immobilized on graphene oxides magnetized with NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NiFe2O4-GO) and used for the transesterification of algal lipids. The VSM, FE-SEM, EDS, and FTIR analyses were done to investigate the features of nanoparticles, graphene oxide, and synthesized magnetic nanobiocatalyst. These tests confirmed the successful immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase on the base. Immobilization was caused via interfacial activation on hydrophobic supports. The lipase immobilization process was studied using different enzyme concentrations (30–160 µg/ml) at different incubation times (1–5 h). It was found that 100 µg/ml enzyme concentration (3.3 mg supports/ml solution) for 2 h incubation time were the best conditions which led to the immobilization efficiency of 78%. The results revealed that in comparison to the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme is more thermal and pH resistant; it could retain 70% of its initial activity at 60 °C and lose only 20% at pH 9. Immobilized lipase retained 47% of its initial activity after 6 cycles of hydrolysis at 37 °C and pH 7, demonstrating its reusability and resistance. Biodiesel production efficiency was obtained 80% and 68% when using free and immobilized lipase as biocatalysts, respectively.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a review of magnetic solid catalysts, including magnetic solid acid, alkali, enzyme, and basic bi-functional catalysts were introduced, focusing on the influence of active species, surface properties and their synergisms on the catalytic performances.
Abstract: Biodiesel has attracted widespread attention as a potential alternative energy source to fossil-derived fuels. The application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production can offer an environmentally-friendly more attractive process for sustainable and cleaner production requirement. Small-sized heterogeneous catalysts generally show better activities due to their higher surface area and less mass transfer limitation. However, the separation of theses solid catalysts is particularly difficult; and the serious mass loss during the separation process together with more time- and energy-consumption precludes their practical utilization especially for high viscosity reaction mixtures. Magnetic solid catalysts have recently become the research hotpot for the transesterification and esterifications for biodiesel production, because of their easy separation with minimal mass loss by an external magnetic field. In this review, various magnetic solid catalysts, including magnetic solid acid, alkali, enzyme and acidic-basic bi-functional catalysts were introduced. The catalyst preparation, catalytic performances, reaction mechanism, and recyclability of the catalysts and their influential parameters with some justifications are discussed from previous literatures to the field of interest, mainly focusing on the influence of active species, surface properties and their synergisms on the catalytic performances. For achieving the goal of good progress in efficient biodiesel production, the evaluation of the present research state, the challenge faced by the magnetic catalysts and future development trend are put forward. Possible reaction mechanisms for different types of the catalysts are also presented, giving some critical guidance in the design of magnetic solid catalysts. Finally, the key influential parameters on the catalytic performances as well as current challenges and future perspectives are provided for further improvement. • Frontline magnetic solid catalysts are explored in biodiesel production. • Influential parameters with some justifications are extensively discussed. • Current challenges and opportunities for future research are highlighted.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors assess the environmental sustainability of biodiesel production from fish waste by life cycle assessment approach based on IMPACT world+ impact assessment method and find that production of 1 L of bio-diesel from fish wastes damages human health and 2.44 × 101 PDF.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a low-cost and best alternate fuel from waste cooking oil and enhance its fuel properties with aluminium oxide nanoparticles (AONP) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was developed.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine with safflower oil biodiesel was investigated and the performance and combustion characteristics of the engine were improved by enriching the biodiesel with hydrogen gas supplement at the intake manifold.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a critical review focusing on the advances in process intensification of biodiesel production by the emerging hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) technology is presented, where several key operating factors (i.e., reactor structure, cavitation intensity, temperature, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst, and duration) and the economic feasibility are analyzed.
Abstract: Biodiesel, with its nature of clean, biodegradability, and renewability, is an ideal substitute for fossil diesel. This critical review focuses on the advances in process intensification of biodiesel production by the emerging hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) technology. The recent progress in HC reactors and HC-assisted biodiesel production are summarized and discussed. Several key operating factors (i.e., reactor structure, cavitation intensity, temperature, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst, and duration) and the economic feasibility are analyzed. It is found that HC can effectively enhance acid- and alkali-catalyzed production processes by using various edible and non-edible oils (e.g., waste cooking oil) as feedstocks, and have economic practicability for industrialization. HC can achieve as high as over 99% yields in a short time, and the quality of the high-purity products meets EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Although the process simulation and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) validated that the economics of HC process is far superior to that of conventional mechanical stirring at large scales, the experimental research at pilot or industrial scales is absent, and the amplification effect of both the reactor and process is unclear. Moreover, the investigations on the cavitation flow mechanism, structural optimization and design of HCRs, and feasibility (e.g., life cycle analysis (LCA), LCCA, and LCA-LCCA), have to be focused on in the future. At last, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the HC process are evaluated by a SWOT matrix, which may hopefully provide some inspiration for the future development of this novel technology.
TL;DR: In this article , a comprehensive overview of imperative knowledge regarding microalgae in terms of algal classification, factors affecting the growth of micro-algae during cultivation and different steps in upstream processing is presented.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors focused on one of the most sustainable microalgae biodiesel blends in the diesel engine and sonicated nanoparticles such as TiO2 and Ce2O3 with the blends at the rate of 50 ppm to increase the brake thermal efficiency with least production of the pollutants.
TL;DR: In this paper , the influence of injection timing and engine load on the performance of a Water Hyacinth biodiesel run diesel engine, four injection timings and five varying engine loading conditions (20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, 100 %) at fixed compression ratio (17.5) was considered, and the results of the investigation indicated that the maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained at 80 % load, injection timing of 20° bTDC, and a compression ratio of 17.5.
TL;DR: In this paper , the main bottlenecks of microalgae biodiesel production were identified as light and O2 concentration management, overnight respiratory loss of oil, and the lack of a breakthrough in the cultivation efficiency.
TL;DR: In this article , the effect of nanoparticles and water additive on diesel engines was investigated and the results showed that nanoparticles can reduce the combustion temperature of diesel engines, thus reducing NOx emission levels.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors aimed to optimize the process on the yield percentage of biodiesel from Argemone mexicana oil using calcium oxide as catalyst derived from chicken eggshells.
TL;DR: In this article , the combined effect of Groundnut shell (GS)-originated nanoparticles and biodiesel derived from Pithecellobium Dulce seed on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article , the influence of WFME blend ratio, injection pressure, compression ratio, and concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles on various combustion parameters such as ignition delay (ID), maximum cylinder pressure (Pmax), combustion duration (CD), and heat release rate (HRR) were studied.
TL;DR: In this paper , the optimal parameters of vegetable oil transesterification have been determined: temperature, raw material ratio (oil/alcohol), mixing speed, time, type of process catalyst, and the characteristics of obtained biodiesel fuel samples were studied and compared with each other as well as with the requirements of EN 14214 “Automotive fuels. General technical requirements” and EN 590:2009 “EURO diesel fuel.
Abstract: One way to reduce the amount of harmful emissions from diesel fuel could be the replacement of part of the fuel with biofuel. Research is related to the production of biodiesel fuel in three ways: transesterification of vegetable oils; esterification of fat acids extracted from vegetable oil; and hydroprocessing of vegetable oils using catalysts in the diesel hydrotreatment process. Food and non-food oils, monatomic and diatomic alcohols were used to produce biodiesel fuel. Optimal parameters of vegetable oil transesterification have been determined: temperature; raw material ratio (oil/alcohol); mixing speed; time; type of process catalyst. The characteristics of the obtained biodiesel fuel samples were studied and compared with each other as well as with the requirements of EN 14214 “Automotive fuels. Fat acid methyl ethers for diesel engines. General technical requirements” and EN 590:2009 “EURO diesel fuel. Technical specifications”. With regard to the physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel fuel, the best way to produce it is by transesterification of vegetable oils. However, all fuels can be used as components of a blended environmentally friendly diesel fuel.
TL;DR: In this paper , an Aspergillus Niger (KP001169) fungus was irradiated in the presence of gamma radiation to produce lipase enzyme and then immobilized into Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
TL;DR: In this article , Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as an antioxidant doping with waste pork fat biodiesel-diesel blend to improve the ignition process and reduce the engine exhaust emissions in a research CRDI diesel engine.
Abstract: This work utilized the conventional transesterification process to convert waste pork fat into pork fat biodiesel. The produced biodiesel was meant to serve as a diesel fuel substitution for common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines. Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) as an antioxidant doping with waste pork fat biodiesel-diesel blend has not been analyzed in CRDI diesel engines. Therefore, to improve the ignition process and reduce the engine exhaust emissions in a research CRDI diesel engine, the BHT was employed to combine with diesel-biodiesel mixtures in this work. BHT antioxidants are partially mixed (BHT 50, 100, and 150 ppm) to improve the physicochemical qualities of test fuel and enhance the combustion process of diesel-biodiesel blends (B20). The antioxidant purity was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), structures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer spectrograph was utilized to study the biodiesel chemical components. After mixing the BHT, the overall phase of the base fuel remained constant. The experiment outcomes revealed that the biodiesel had higher cylinder pressure than the other test fuels, and the BHT100 ppm blend had a higher heat release rate (HRR). B20BHT100 blend shows 3.98% higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at full load operation than pure biodiesel but lowered to diesel fuel. Biodiesel (B100) decreases the smoke opacity by 4.5% compared to diesel fuel. BHT has been incorporated into the biodiesel blend to minimize oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions at all loads. The B20BHT150 blend decreased NOx emissions by 5.06% more than diesel fuel at maximum load. Compared to pure biodiesel, the B20 blends reduce carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 7.1% and hydrocarbon emission (HC) by 12.5%. This research found that adding BHT to biodiesel blends lowers NOx emissions with a slight impact on performance.
TL;DR: An efficient bifunctional catalyst with synergetic Lewis and Brønsted acid sites was synthesized by modifying zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-90) with sulfamic acid (SA) as discussed by the authors .
TL;DR: In this article , two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride supported molybdenum (xMo/g-C3N4) catalysts were synthesized for the facile transesterification of waste cooking soybean oil.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors showed that the use of the glass microreactor assisted by solar heat can significantly reduce the operating cost by increasing the mixing, shortening the residence time, and maintaining the reaction temperature in the range of 50-63 °C, resulting in a 90 % reduction in energy consumption.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors focused on the synthesis of Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanocatalyst via tragacanth gum (TG) using the wet impregnation method and its application for sustainable biodiesel production from a novel, non-edible Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seed oil.
Abstract: The current study focuses on the synthesis of Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanocatalyst via Tragacanth Gum (TG) using the wet impregnation method and its application for sustainable biodiesel production from a novel, non-edible Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seed oil. The D. sophia seed oil has higher oil content (36 wt%) and free fatty acid (FFA) value (0.6 mg KOH/g). Innovative analytical methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, were used to characterize the newly synthesized, environmentally friendly, and recyclable CeO2-TG phytonanocatalyst (FT-IR). The results show that the CeO2-TG phytonanocatalyst was 22 nm in diameter with a spherical shape outer morphology, while the inner structure was hexagonal. Due to low FFA content, the D. sophia seed oil was pretreated and transesterified via a single step. Using varying parameters, the optimized process variables were determined via Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum process values were 8:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.3 wt% catalyst concentration, 90 °C temperature, and reaction time of 210 min with 98% biodiesel yield. The recently created phytonanocatalyst was reliable and effective, with three times reusability in the transesterification reaction. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), FT-IR, gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS), and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were used to characterize the synthesized biodiesel. Physico-chemical properties of D. sophia biodiesel, i.e., Kinematic viscosity (4.23 mm2/s), density (0.800 kg/m3), pour point (−7 °C), cloud point (−12 °C), and flash point (73.5 °C) agree well with international biodiesel standards (ASTM-6751, 951), (EU-14214), and China (GB/T 20828) standards. The results show that the synthesized nanocatalyst demonstrated remarkable stability, indicating a bright future for industrial biodiesel production from low-cost feedstock.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors reviewed the combined effects of hydrogen and other alternative fuels on diesel engines and made an in-depth analysis of the research on the field of alternative fuels in recent years.
TL;DR: In this paper , the potential of Phoenix sylvestris oil, which may be found in forest belts across the globe, as a viable feedstock for biodiesel extraction was analyzed.
Abstract: Uncontrolled emissions, massive price increases, and other factors encourage searching for a suitable diesel engine fuel alternative. In its processed form, vegetable oil biodiesel is an appealing green alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. Vegetable oil esters have qualities comparable to those of standard diesel fuel. As a result, biodiesel may be utilized to run a diesel engine without any further alterations. This article analyses the potential of Phoenix sylvestris oil, which may be found in forest belts across the globe, as a viable feedstock for biodiesel extraction. Phoenix sylvestris oil is found to be abundant in different forest belts worldwide. The free fatty acid must first be transformed into esters using catalytic acid esterification before proceeding to alkaline catalytic esterification. The molar ratio (6:1), catalyst concentration (1 wt%), reaction temperature (60 °C), and reaction time (2 h) have all been optimized for biodiesel extraction. Biodiesel produced had characteristics that were similar to standard biodiesel specifications. The biodiesel yield from Phoenix sylvestris oil was 92.3% under optimum conditions. The experimental results revealed that the Phoenix sylvestris oil biodiesel performed better than neat Phoenix sylvestris oil and its blends. Phoenix sylvestris oil blend produced better brake thermal efficiency with lower smoke, hydrocarbon, and CO emissions. The biodiesel produced from non-edible Phoenix sylvestris oil has the potential to be employed as a viable alternative to diesel fuel.