Showing papers on "Bronze published in 1984"

Andean Value Systems and the Development of Prehistoric Metallurgy

Abstract: The rich development of metallurgical technology that arose and was sustained in the New World prior to the Spanish invasion in the 16th century took place in the Andean zone of western South America in that area which is today Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia. Although Andean peoples supported a highly sophisticated metallurgical tradition with the production of a broad range of metals and metal alloys, little interest or attention has been paid to Andean metallurgy, perhaps because archaeologists and historians cannot boast of a "bronze age" or an "iron age" as characteristic of New World prehistory. Iron metallurgy was never developed in the Andes. Although both ancient varieties of bronze were invented there-the alloys of copper and arsenic and of copper and tin-and tin bronze was widely used and disseminated throughout its vast empire by the Inca dynasty, nevertheless these metals did not have the same impact on Andean civilization that they had among peoples of Europe and the ancient Near East.

Composition of matter incorporating polyether ether ketone

Abstract: A plain bearing comprising a steel backing, a sintered bronze interlayer and a lining of a material consisting of polyetherether ketone, polytetrafluoroethylene, graphite and bronze.

Early bronze age trojan metal sources and anatolians in the cyclades

Abstract: Summary. New chemical analyses of EB II copper-alloy artefacts from Troy show that about seventy per cent are of high tin, low arsenic, bronze; the remaining Trojan objects are of arsenical copper but contain no more than 3 per cent of arsenic. Lead-isotope analyses suggest that at this time the Trojans made use of at least five different copper-ore deposits and that at least two of these were not in the immediate vicinity of Troy itself. At this period tin bronze was unknown in the Early Helladic, Cycladic or Minoan cultures. Low-arsenic tin bronzes do however constitute sixty-nine per cent of the copper-alloy artefacts excavated at the fortified hilltop EC IIIA settlement at Kastri on Syros, but lead-isotope analyses show that the copper in these objects is derived from three different ore deposits which are different from those exploited by the early Cycladic peoples on Amorgos, Paros, Kythnos and Chalandriani on Syros. For Kastri the alloy types are closely similar to and the copper ore sources used are identical with those employed in Troy II; in addition there are good Anatolian parallels for some of the metal types occurring at Kastri. Taken together with evidence from the pottery, the architecture and the nature of the site it seems inescapable that Kastri was a short-lived settlement of Anatolians who lived, perhaps, in somewhat uneasy juxtaposition with their Cycladic neighbours. These Anatolians came most probably from Troy or the Troad since tin bronze was virtually unknown at this period elsewhere in Anatolia, and certainly not in Cilicia, except at the central Anatolian sites of Ahlatlibel, Alishar and Alaca Huyuk.

The Animal Remains from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages at Tel Aphek and Tel Dalit: A Comparative Study

Abstract: This study deals with the faunal remains from two Bronze Age sites Tel Aphek and Tel Dalit located in the Yarkon and Ayalon River basins of the Coastal Plain of Israel (Fig. I). The distance between the two is about 15km. Tel Aphek, a multi-period site, rises about 15m. above the affluent springs of the Yarkon River, while Tel Dalit, whose remains are exclusively from the Early Bronze Age, is located on the limestone hills southeast of Tel Aphek. Excavations sponsored by the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University in collaboration with overseas universities have been conducted at Tel Aphek since 1972 (Kochavi 1975), while Tel Dalit was excavated during three seasons in the years 1978-1980(Gophna 1981).

Bismuth bronze from machu picchu, peru.

Abstract: The decorative bronze handle of a tumi excavated at the Inca city of Machu Picchu, Peru, contains 18 percent bismuth and appears to be the first known example of the use of bismuth with tin to make bronze. The alloy is not embrittled by the bismuth because the bismuth-rich constituent does not penetrate the grain boundaries of the matrix phase. The use of bismuth facilitates the duplex casting process by which the tumi was made and forms an alloy of unusual color.

A Benin Bronze Horseman at the Merseyside County Museum

Abstract: A propos d'une statuette recemment acquise par le musee anglais. Comparaison avec les statuettes de meme type possedees par d'autres musees. Signification de l'attirail rituel du cheval et de son cavalier.

En-shadud: An Early Bronze I Farming Community in the Jezreel Valley

Abstract: The rich soil of the Jezreel Valley, a mild climate, a perennial spring, and abundant rainfall in the 'En-shadud vicinity were all contributing factors to the maintenance of an agriculturallybased economy. The site's location, on a rocky scarp at the edge of the Jezreel Valley, probably on a track of some importance, also left this rural settlement open to trade and other outside influence. The farming and trading aspects inherent in the physical situation of 'En-shadud are reflected in the remains of the material culture.

Process for producing a sliding layer of white metal on lead bronze surfaces of steel/lead bronze babbitt bearings

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a sliding layer of white metal on lead bronze surfaces of steel/lead bronze babbitt bearings which is characterised in that lead inclusions situated in the surface of the lead bronze layer are selectively removed, a thin diffusion barrier layer comprising iron, nickel, cobalt or alloys thereof is then first deposited electrochemically, and an alloy on the basis of tin or lead (white metal) is applied thereon.

Tin alloy powder for sintering

Abstract: A tin alloy powder containing up to 5% P is disclosed. Reduced sensitivity to sintering conditions is achieved by use of present alloy powder in production of sintered bronze articles. Means for controlling the growth of the article during sintering are also disclosed.

The Cast-Iron Bells of China

Abstract: already being cast: one of the five found in 1959 at Laoliangcang in Hunan Province weighs more than 150 kilograms.2 This tradition reached a peak of refinement in the late Zhou dynasty, when a number of large sets of carefully tuned and matched bronze bells are known to have been made. The most notable example is a well-preserved set of sixty-five elaborately decorated double-toned bells from Sui Xian in Hubei, found in a tomb dating to 433 B.C.3 A smaller set of fourteen, equally luxurious in design, was recovered from a tomb of the 3d

Lower valence fluorides of chromium. 1. The hexagonal bronze type phase rubidium chromium fluoride (RbxCrF3)

Abstract: Preparation et etude de composes Rb x CrF 3 avec x=0,18; 0,20; 0,225; 0,25; 0,275 et 0,30. Le systeme type bronze hexagonal couvre le domaine x=0,18-0,29. Etude et discussion detaillee de la structure et des interactions magnetiques

Critical current density of bronze‐processed multifilamentary Nb3Sn wires with magnesium addition to the matrix

Abstract: The effects of the addition of magnesium to the bronze of a bronze‐processed multifilamentary Nb3Sn conductor were studied. The bronze composition was varied from Cu‐6.7 Sn‐0.0 Mg to Cu‐6.7 Sn‐0.62 Mg. The magnesium was found to refine the Nb3Sn grain size and improve the critical current density of the superconductor. The most heavily doped wire had an optimum critical current density three to six times better than the Mg‐free control wire at all fields.

A novel synthesis of azophenines

Abstract: Aarylamines react with polyhaloalkanes in the presence of copper bronze to yield azophenines.

Occurrence of the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure type in the KF-Nb2O5 system

Abstract: Etude par diffraction RX des trois phases intermediaires KNb 2 O 5 F, KNb 4 O 10 F et KNb 6 O 15 F dans le systeme KF-nNb 2 O 5 Discussion sur les parametres cristallins et les relations structurales avec le bronze de tungstene quadratique

Movilla Abbey, Newtownards, County Down : Excavations 1981

Abstract: Fouille en 1980-81 a Movilla Abbey, comte de Down d'une petite surface. Quelques vestiges lithiques dates du Mesolithique, du Neolithique et de l'Age du Bronze. Periode du debut de l'ere Chretienne mieux documentee

Studies on Upper Limit of Surface Durability of Phosphor Bronze

Abstract: Using two kinds of rolling contact fatigue testing machines with high performance, the authors investigated the upper limit of surface durability of a forged phosphor-bronze with a Brinell hardness of 150HB. After many investigations, a new higher pitting limit of 1120 MPa (114 kgf/mm2=0.76 HB) was obtained in the case of pure rolling conditions. when sliding was introduced, the pitting limit decreased by about 20%. The limit stress which can prevent the progressive plastic deformation was nearly equal to the new pitting limit. The flow of metal in the bronze rollers rotated at and near the new pitting limit was examined and compared with that obtained in the case of steel/steel combinations. The upper limit of work-hardening which can be attained in the bronze rollers before occurrence of pitting cracks was estimated using rollers with a few artificial protrusions. The scoring limit in bronze/steel combinations was investigated using a step load method and compared with that obtained in the case of steel/steel combinations. The bronze layer which adhered on steel roller surface after occurrence of scoring was analyzed using an X-ray micro-analyzer, and the effects of hardness of the mating steel-rollers were discussed.

Michelangelo's Marble "David" and the Lost Bronze "David": The Drawings

Abstract: The discussion includes the drawings associated with the marble David and the lost bronze David. There is an occasional departure from conventionally accepted attributions to given projects. An example is the sketch of David and the head of Goliath on the well-known Louvre sheet, 714 recto, long connected with the lost bronze David, which is, instead, Michelangelo's first visualization of the marble David. A drawing, assigned by Hartt to St. Lorenzo, Florence, as a study for a sculptured St. Lawrence, is actually a drawing for the lost bronze David. Another drawing, traditionally accepted as a rendering of the Apollo Belvedere, is, instead, a fighting young David. Four other drawings have been reassigned, as applicable, to the two Davids. The drawings have been placed in the context of an iconographic consistency proceeding from a study of the political aspects of the marble David.

The Mqabba (Malta) Hoard of Punic Bronze Coins in Studi di numismatica punica.

Abstract: Tresor de pieces puniques en bronze (267 specimens), decouvert en 1923 et conserve au Musee national d'archeologie de La Valette. Pieces parmi les plus communes. Datation: epoque de Timoleon de Sicile (344 av. J.-C.). Liste comparative des pieces de Mqabba avec des monnaies de Carthage, Sicile, Sardaigne. Tableau des poids des pieces de Mqabba.

Metallanalysen römischer Bronzen

Abstract: The large number of analyses of Roman objects made of copper alloys shows that the term bronze for this group of alloys is not correct in many cases. It is proposed to define the copper alloys by more precise terms like copper tin bronze, lead-tin bronze, brass, adding if there are low, medium, high,or very high amounts of tin, lead, or zinc. From that 23 classes of copper alloys which were used during the Roman period can be distinguished. -- AATA

A novel synthesis of azophenines

Abstract: Aarylamines react with polyhaloalkanes in the presence of copper bronze to yield azophenines.