Showing papers on "Brown rice published in 1987"

Varietal Differences in Cadmium Levels of Rice Grains of Japonica, Indica, Javanica, and Hybrid Varieties Produced in the Same Plot of a Field

Abstract: Cadmium levels were determined in rice grains of Japonica, Indica, Javanica, and Indica-Japonica hybrid-bred varieties that were produced in the same plot of a non-polluted field in 1983 and 1985, using nameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cadmium levels in the brown rice grains harvested in 1983 and 1985 ranged from 2.1 to 27 0 ppb Cd for 28 Japonica varieties, 4.1 to 55.5 for 23 Indica varieties, 4.4 to 16.5 for 5 Javanica varieties, and 24.5 to 73.6 for 4 hybrid varieties. The significant correlation of the cadmium levels between the 1983 and 1985 products may indicate the possible occurrence of varietal differences in the natural abundance of cadmium in rice grains. There was no correlation between the cadmium levels and the duration of ripening in each variety, suggesting that these differences could be partly attributed to some physiological characteristics of the rice varieties.

Determination of Solar Energy Absorption and Thermal Radiative Properties of some Agricultural Products

Abstract: THE average directional solar absorptance, hemispherical thermal emittance and collector efficiencies of flat-black paint and some agricultural products were determined experimentally by a calorimetric technique by using two similar flat-plate, air-cooled solar collectors. The solar absorption characteristics of these agricultural products was investigated with a view to designing simple crop dryers that use the products as solar energy collectors. Under identical conditions the following products were tested against solar energy absorptive capability of a standard metallic black plate collector: wheat, corn, black-eyed beans (cowpeas), brown beans, white and brown rice and in-shell peanuts. Of these agricultural products, only white rice was less than 80% as effective as a metallic black plate solar absorber. The implication of these finding is significant in drying, storing or preservation of foods, especially in developing tropical countries with hot and humid climates.

Effects of brown rice on apparent digestibility and balance of nutrients in young men on low protein diets.

Abstract: The effect of brown rice with low protein intake was studied in five healthy young men. Feces were weighed, the digestibility of nutrients was determined, and blood tests were made. Each subject followed a diet consisting mainly of polished rice for 14 days and one consisting mainly of brown rice for 8 days. Both diets contained 0.5 g protein per kg of body weight. The brown rice diet had 3 times as much dietary fiber as the polished rice diet. On the brown rice diet, fecal weight increased, and apparent digestibility of energy, protein, and fat decreased, as did the absorption rates of Na, K, and P. The nitrogen balance was negative on both diets, but more negative on the brown rice diet. The phosphorus balance on the brown rice diet was significantly negative, but other minerals were not affected by the diet. The levels of cholesterol and minerals in the plasma were not significantly different on the polished rice diet and the brown rice diet. Comparing these results with data on standard protein intake (Miyoshi, H. et al (1986) J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 32, 581-589.), we concluded that brown rice reduced protein digestibility and nitrogen balance.

Effect of Foliar Application of Triacontanol on the Growth and Yield of Rice Plants : I. Around the time of treatment

Abstract: It is recognized in various species that triacontanol (TRIA) increases the growth of seedlings at very low concentrations. However, very fcw reports so far have actually shown increases in dry weight or yield in grain crops under field conditions. A field experiment was, therefore, carried out in 1983 and 1984 at the University Farm of Tokyo Univcrsity of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa Pref., using two cultivars of rice, with the aim to clarify the cffect of foliar-applied TRIA in colloidal dispersion at concentrations between 0.1 and 10 ppb. Main results obtained are as follows : 1. In 9 out of 16 TRIA-treated plots, increases of 5% to 14% (significant at 5% level in the latter) over control were found in the yield of hulled rice, i.e., brown rice (Tables 7 and 8). 2. As for the effect of TRIA on yield componcnts, increases in the number of ears and 1000-grain weight of hulled rice were often observed (Table 7). 3. The effective concentration of}TRIA for increasing the yield was found to be 0.2-10ppb and the most effective tilnc of application was at the early tillering stage or the end of nursery stage (Tables 7 and 8). 4. Plant length, total leaf area and total dry weight in early growth stages showed a tcndency to be slightly inhibited by TRIA-treatment at concentrations 0.2 to 10ppb (Tables 3 and 4). 5. At the activc ripening stage, however, not only the totalleaf area but also the total root mass were found to be larger in the TRIA-treated plants than in the non-treated control (Tables 4 and 5). It is highly possible that these characters have contributed heavily to increasing the yield through promoting the dry matter accumulation after heading (ΔW) in the TRIA-treated plants (Fi9. 1) . 6. It was found that ΔW was positively correlated with NAR (Fig.2) and that the latter in turn was negatively correlated with SLA (Fig. 3). These may be interpreted to suggest that photosynthetic rate during the active ripcning period was accelerated in the TRIA-treated plants, thus leading to arl increased yield.

Nutritional properties of nonrice crops in the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network

Abstract: Six legume crops and three cereal crops in the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network were compared with IR58 brown rice in terms of dry matter, energy and protein yields per hectare. Sorghum was closest to brown rice in dry matter and energy yield but soybean had the highest protein yield. Peanut and soybean had higher crude fat than the other crops which accounted for their high energy content and yield among the legumes. Amino acid analysis showed cowpea, mungbean, pigeonpea, bushsitao, and soybean protein as limiting in sulfur amino acids (cysteine + methionine). Peanut protein was limiting in either lysine or tryptophan + threonine. Corn, sorghum and wheat proteins were limiting in lysine.

Studies on the Regrowth of Rice Plant Shoots : 1. Difference of regrowth obtained from the cuttings in young panicle-development stage

Abstract: The rice plants, cultivated in paddy field, were cut in 6 periods (I-VI), on every 7 days during the maximum tiller number stage (July 17, 1981 : I) to the first heading stage (Aug. 21 : VI). The cutting was conducted at 15cm (H) or 7.5cm (L) in height above the ground. Regrowth plants from the stubbles were investigated on 2 and 5 weeks after cutting, and their yield components were examined after harvest (Oct. 23). 1. The stems which had been grown after cutting and attained to heading were classified into two types as follows : (1) SS (survived stem) : stems which survived in spite of the cutting and attained to heading, and (2) NS (new stem) : tillers newly developed from axillary buds of the cut stems. 2. Regrowth in I-III plots accomplished by development of SS, and V and VI plots are by NS (Table 2). In IV-H plot, shoot apices (young panicles) were cut off in only 5.5% of the whole stems (Table 1), and the regrowth was carried out by both of NS and SS. On the other hand, shoot apices of 65.4% stems were not cut off in IV-L plot, but they did not grow up after cutting, consequently their regrowth were consisted of only NS. 3. After cutting, number of stems per stubble reduced in I-III and IV-L plots, because of death of non-productive tillers (Fig. 3). In V-H and VI-H plots, number of stems increased after cutting because some of the cut stems bore two or three NS. 4. Number of fully ripened grains per panicle was fewer according to delaying the cutting time, and it was lesser in L than H plot (Table 3). And no grain yield was obtained from the panicles of NS in V-L and VI plots. The yield of brown rice became inferior through delaying the cutting time and lower cuttings (Table 4).

Nutritional availability of selenium contained in rice

Abstract: The nutritional availability of selenium (Se) contained in rice was estimated by measuring the tissue Se levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of rats fed a diet consisting of 90% brown rice. Male weanling rats were fed a casein-based diet (diet A) or, the casein-based diet supplemented with 0.05 or 0.10μg Se/g of selenite (diets B and C, respectively), a low-Se rice-based diet (diet D), or a high-Se rice-based diet (diet E) for 4 weeks. Dietary Se levels measured by fluorometrical analysis were as follows (ng Se/g): A, 18; B, 65; C, 118; D, 24; E, 62. The selenite added to the casein-based diets dose-dependently increased the Se levels and GSH-Px activities in the blood and liver of the rats. The tissue Se levels and GSH-Px activities in the rats fed the rice-based diets (diet D or E) were comparable to those in the rats fed diet A or diet B, respectively. The nutritional availability of rice-selenium, estimated by using the general equation: GSH-Px activity or tissue selenium level=m×log (dietary selenium level)+k, was 65-107% compared to selenite.

Absorption , Translocation and Residue of Carbofuran in Miniature Paddy Agrosystem

Abstract: A study has been conducted to investigate the behavior of carbofuran in a miniature paddy agrosystem simulated for paddy field. Carbofuran applied onto the paddy water was rapidly absorbed and translocated into rice plants. Carbofuran concentration in rice plant reached its maximum level between 1 to 3 days after treatment and gradually decreased thereafter. Half life of carbofuran concentration in paddy water was 4 days in both application rates of 0.12 and 0.24Kg a.i./10a. Carbofuran residue in paddy soil was gradually dissipated with the half life of 8 and 12 days in 0.12 and 0.24㎏ a.i./l0a respectively. Range of carbofuran residue in brown rice and rice straw harvested from the paddy agrosystem was 0.01∼0.02 ppm and 0.37∼0.57 ppm irrespective of the two application rates respectively.

Rice Cultivation under the Different Irrigation Systems in Nong Wai Pioneer Agriculture Project Area of Khon Kaen, Thailand

Abstract: Field surveys of rice cultivation and hearing investigation of the farm managements were conducted in 1985 at the three villages of Khon Kaen in North-Eastern Thailand, for clarifying the effectiveness of the irrigation projects conducted and also for comparing the superiority of two different irrigation systems adopted at the areas from agronomical and economical viewpoints. The irrigation systems, both intensive (accompanied by land consolidation) and extensive (with only irrigation canal), have made rice cultivation possible throughout the year and have brought stability in the lives of the farmers as well as the farm managements based on rice cultivation. The intensive irrigation system has made the new method of rice cultivation of direct sowing by pregerminated seeds of non-glutinous varieties possible and enhanced rice yield to more than 6.0 tons/ha in brown rice (estimated) due to a high density of seeding (500 hills/m2) and proper water control. One of the most serious problems in the area was the uneven distribution of water in the fields due to the shortage of water flow from the diversion dam. Rice cultivation in the extensive irrigation area has been successfully conducted by using proper devices of gravity irrigation system. The only problem in this area may be the irregular shapes and small size of the fields, which will be a handicap for mechanization of rice cultivation in the future. Rice cultivation in the rainfed area has almost not been conducted due to severe drought, with the exception of some restricted places, where it was possible to reserve water from the rainfall.

Production of brown rice germ tea

Abstract: PURPOSE:Rice germs are charged in a popper of tightly sealable vessel, heated under autogeneous pressure and the popper is rapidly opened into the normal pressure to give popped rice germs which develops good color, taste and smell with good grain shape retention, when they are dipped in hot water. CONSTITUTION:As popcorns are made, rice germs grains are charged in a popper, the popper is tightly sealed and heated with external heat sources under rotation. When the inner pressure exceeds 5kg/cm , the heating is stopped and lid is rapidly opened to collect popped germ grains. The germ grains are used as brown rice germ tea.

Manejo de agua y nitrógeno en arroz riego en el Valle del Cauca

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted to study the water management and nitrogen fertilizing in rice (Oryzica-2) planted in a verticsoil (Typic Pellustert) of the river Cauca Valley (Colombia). There were used 18 treatments consisted in keeping a 5.0 cm water table depth in the soil, or saturating it during three growing stages of the rice plant; N fertilizer levels were 80, 120 and 160 kg f ha applied in a fractionated form. The highest yield in brown rice (8170 kg/ha) was with the treatment of 160 kg/ha, applying a 5.0 cm water table on soil during vegetative stage and keeping it after saturated until 14 days before cropping. PET water requirements were 1187 mm, and the K factors of 1.38, 1.53 and 1.48 from vegetative, reproductive and maturity stages respectively.