Showing papers on "Capitalism published in 1994"

After The Family Wage

Abstract: THE CURRENT CRISIS OF THE WELFARE STATE has many rootsglobal economic trends, massive movements of refugees and immigrants, popular hostility to taxes, the weakening of trade unions and labor parties, the rise of national and "racial"-ethnic antagonisms, the decline of solidaristic ideologies, and the collapse of state socialism. One absolutely crucial factor, however, is the crumbling of the old gender order. Existing welfare states are premised on assumptions about gender that are increasingly out of phase with many people's lives and self-understandings. They therefore do not provide adequate social protections, especially for women and children. The gender order that is now disappearing descends from the industrial era of capitalism and reflects the social world of its origin. It was centered on the ideal of the family wage. In this world, people were supposed to be organized into heterosexual, male-headed nuclear families, which lived principally from the man's labor market earnings. The male head of the household would be paid a family wage, sufficient to support children and a wife and mother, who performed domestic labor without pay. Of course, countless lives never fit this pattern. Still, it provided the normative picture of a proper family. The family-wage ideal was inscribed in the structure of most industrial-era welfare states.' That structure had three tiers, with social-insurance programs occupying the first rank. Designed to protect people from the vagaries of the

The First Shall Be Last? Entrepreneurship and Communist Cadres in the Transition from Socialism

Abstract: This article reviews the sociological literature on the transition from socialism to capitalism. It distinguishes between the erosion and transition phases and between traditional and corporate segments in the emerging private sector. Panel survey data from Hungary show that during the transition ex-communist cadres maintain their advantageous position and do especially well in the more dynamic corporate segment. They are successful because human capital is important in both capitalism and socialism and because the cadres are able to convert past political power to economic advantage. Contrary to the findings of studies based only on agriculture, the transition increases income inequalities.

How Institutions Create Historically Rooted Trajectories of Growth

Abstract: This paper is concerned with approaches to growth theory that argue for historically created, institutionally rooted national development trajectories. There are varied ways of organizing market economies, and there is more than just one kind of capitalism. The institutional approach begins with the observation that markets, embedded in political and social institutions, are the creation of government and politics. Indeed all economic interchange takes place within institutions and groups. Markets do not exist or operate apart from the rules and institutions that establish them and that structure how buying, selling and the very organization of production takes place. Consequently there are multiple market capitalisms, and in a global economy international competition among members must be understood as an interplay of these various national market systems. Focus is on the historically rooted national institutions which frame the choices of individuals and structure the terms on which issues such as agency problems and contract problems are confronted. The approach proposed in this paper is a necessary complement to an institutionalism more familiar in economics. This historical institutionalism frames problems and provides answers to puzzles that concern _ microeconomic-based institutionalism. The particular historical course of each nation's - development creates a political economy with a distinctive institutional structure for ~ governing the markets of labor, land, capital and goods. The institutional structure | induces particular kinds of corporate and government behavior by constraining and by z laying out a logic to the market and policy-making process that is particular to that s political economy. These typical strategies, routine approaches to problems and shared~o decision rules create predictable patterns in the way governments and companies go v about their business in a particular national political economy. The paper then applies 1 these notions to the debate about national systems of innovation. Empirically there is | evidence of distinct national technological trajectories. The questions are why the j trajectories exist and why they have particular form. National systems arguments need \ an institutional theory that would permit us to apply both evolutionary and new | growth arguments about economic development to particular national cases.

Is Capitalism Sustainable?: Political Economy and the Politics of Ecology

Abstract: This volume probes the many facets of capitalism's ecological contradictions and presents critical discussions of the politics of ecology under a free-market economy. Offering cogent analyses of the ways capitalism and liberal politics themselves are responding to this crisis, the book also presents the groundwork for meaningful social resistance to capitalist exploitations. Essays in this volume--contributed by leading scholars including Juan Martinez-Alier, Jean-Paul Del?age, Elmar Altvatar, Frank Beckenbach, Ariel Salleh, James O'Connor, John S. Dryzek, Margaret FitzSimmons, Colin Hay, Michael Gismondi, Mary Richardson, and Alex Demirovic--address two broad questions. First, is an ecologically sustainable capitalism possible? Second, is it possible for capitalism to be reformed to respect the integrity of social and ecological domains? In addressing these questions, the first half of the book appraises the ecological and economic contradictions of capital. Thought-provoking chapters discuss theoretical aspects of the relationship between capitalism and nature, such as whether the capitalist system is consistent with ecological sustainability; and which social and economic interests are served and which are forcibly suppressed in a market economy. Contributions drawing on critical perspectives in political economy, ecological economics, eco-feminism, and social history of science, place the industrial exploitation of wage labor within the larger context of the "external" domains of biophysical nature, human nature, and social infrastructures, upon which capitalist accumulation depends. The second half of the book focuses on the political institutions of liberal democracies and both their potential and limitations as vehicles for effective resolution of capitalism's ecological contradictions. Chapters examine the effectiveness of such liberal democratic actions as policy measures for clean air, worker's health, hazardous waste control, protection for endangered species, and international treaties and agreements. They also explore whether more radical democratic principles could furnish an adequate basis for responding to the social and economic dimensions of our ecological crises. The book is a sobering and timely antidote to the current rash of publications touting a successful marriage of market society to the goals of environmental quality and social justice.

Social structures of accumulation: The Political Economy of Growth and Crisis

Abstract: Introduction David M. Kotz, Terrence McDonough and Michael Reich Part I. The Theory of Social Structures of Accumulation: 1. Long swings and stages of capitalism David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards and Michael Reich 2. How social structures of accumulation decline and are built Michael Reich 3. Interpreting the social structure of accumulation approach David M. Kotz 4. Social structures of accumulation, contingent history, and stages of capitalism Terrence McDonough 5. The regulation theory and the social structure of accumulation approach David M. Kotz Part II. History, Institutions, and Macroeconomic Analysis: 6. The construction of social structures of accumulation in US history Terrence McDonough 7. The financial system and the social structure of accumulation Martin H. Wolfson 8. Alternative social structure of accumulation approaches to the analysis of capitalist booms and busts Thomas E. Weisskopf 9. The politics of the American industrial policy debate Jim Schoch Part III. Class, Race and Gender: 10. Shopfloor relations in the postwar capital-labor accord David Fairris 11. Towards a broader vision: race, gender and labor market segmentation in the social structure of accumulation framework Randy Aldelda and Chris Tilly Part IV. The International Dimension: 12. Accumulation and crisis in a small and open economy: the postwar social structure of accumulation in Puerto Rico Edwin Melendez 13. Apartheid and capitalism: social structure of accumulation or contradiction? Nicoli Nattrass 14. The social structure of accumulation approach and the regulation approach: a US-Japan comparison Tsuyoshi Tsuru 15. The global economy: new edifice or crumbling foundations? David M. Gordon Afterword: new international institutions and renewed world economic expansion David M. Kotz, Terrence McDonough and Michael Reich.

The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism

Abstract: The article reviews the book “The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism,” by Robert B. Reich.

Surveillance, power and modernity : bureaucracy and discipline from 1700 to the present day

Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Bureaucracy, Surveillance and Modern Society. 2. Surveillance: Basic Concepts and Dimensions. 3. Military Power, Capitalism and Surveillance. 4. Bureaucratic Surveillance in a a Society of Strangersa :. The State and Social Control in Modern Capitalism. 5. Capitalism, Surveillance and the Modern Business Enterprise. 6. Conclusion: Capitalism, Surveillance and Modernity. Bibliography.

The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America 1815-1846

Abstract: The Market Revolution offers a sweeping, comprehensive overview of the Jacksonian period in a synthesis of political, social, economic, and cultural history. This book examines the tensions between democracy and capitalism that arose during this period after the war of 1812 and the massive transformation of American society that followed in its wake.

Imperialism and Global Political Economy

Abstract: Epigraph Introduction: Empire of Theory, Theories of Empire Part I: Theory 1. The Classical Legacy 1.1 Continuing Marx's Capital 1.2 Luxemburg's fertile diversion 1.3 The Lenin-Bukharin synthesis 1.4 Organized capitalism and economic crises 1.5 Spectres of ultra-imperialism 2. Capitalism and the State System 2.1 Rethinking the theory of imperialism 2.2 Conceptualizing the state system 2.3 Interests and ideologies Part II: History 3. Capitalism and La Longue Duree 3.1 What is capitalism? 3.2 Markets and empires 3.3 The sinews of capitalist power 4. Ages of Imperialism 4.1 Periodizing imperialism 4.2 Classical imperialism (1870-1945) (i) A liberal world economy (ii) An economically and politically multipolar world (iii) Territorial expansion (iv) Military competition and state capitalism (v) Race and empire 4.3 Superpower imperialism (1945-1991) (i) Open Door imperialism (ii) The partial dissociation of economic and geopolitical competition (iii) The Third World - malign neglect and partial industrialization 5. Imperialism and Global Political Economy Today 5.1 The specificity of American imperialism 5.2 Global capitalism at the Pillars of Hercules? (i) Entrenched uneven development (ii) A persisting crisis of profitability (iii) A redistribution of global economic power (iv) Continuing geopolitical competition

A future for socialism

Abstract: Many people point to recent events-the collapse of the Soviet Union, the electoral defeat of the Sandinistas-as proof that capitalism has triumphed over socialism once and for all. In A Future for Socialism, a noted economist argues that socialism is not dead but merely in need of modernizing. John Roemer believes that the hallmark of socialism is egalitarianism-equality of opportunity for self-realization and welfare, for political influence, and for social status-and he reminds us that capitalist societies face increasingly difficult problems of poverty and social inequality. Reenergizing a debate that began with Oskar Lange and Friedrich Hayek in the late 1930s, he brings to important questions of political economy a new level of sophistication in line with contemporary theories of justice and equality. Roemer sees the solution of the principal-agent problem as the key to developing a decentralized market-socialist economy. This would be capable of maintaining efficiency and technological innovation while supporting a substantively more equal distribution of income than is achieved in capitalist economies. Roemer defends his views against skeptics on the right, who believe that efficiency and innovation are incompatible with egalitarianism, and skeptics on the left, who believe that socialism is incompatible with markets. Because of its interdisciplinary approach, A Future for Socialism will appeal to a general social science audience, including economists, political scientists, sociologists, and political philosophers. It is also accessible to the interested reader.

Social revolutions in the modern world

Abstract: Introduction Part I. Doing Macroscopic Social Science: 1. A critical review of Barrington Moore's social origins of dictatorship and democracy 2. Wallerstein's world capitalist system: a theoretical and historical critique 3. The uses of comparative history in macrohistorical research Part II. Making Sense of the Great Revolutions: 4. Explaining social revolutions: in quest of a social-structural approach 5. Revolutions and the world-historical development of capitalism 6. France, Russia, and China: a structural analysis of social revolutions Part III. A Dialogue about Culture and Ideology in Revolutions: 7. Ideologies and revolutions: reflections on the French case, byWilliam H. Sewell, Jr 8. Cultural idioms and political ideologies in the revolutionary reconstruction of state power Part IV. From Classical to Contemporary social revolutions: 9. What makes peasants revolutionary? 10. Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian revolution 11. Explaining revolutions in the contemporary Third World 12. Social revolutions and mass military mobilisation Conclusion: reflections on recent scholarship about social revolutions and how to study them.

Understanding the bear: A portrait of Russian business leaders

Abstract: Executive Overview A new entrant has abruptly and dramatically appeared on the international business scene. Hibernating for most of this century in a long winter's sleep induced by the communist regime, the Russian bear has awakened and is now dancing to the beat of capitalism. The bear is looking for a willing Western partner, and many North Americans are eager to be asked for a dance. With the hope that they will have a smooth pas de deux and avoid stepping on each other's toes, what follows is a portrait of their potential Russian partners, including their leadership traits in three eras: traditional Russian society, the communist regime, and the developing market economy.

Globalisation and the State

Abstract: This essay suggests that those who want to install a "transnational democracy" in the wake of the nation state allegedly having been bypassed by globalisation simply misunderstand what the internationalisation of the state really is all about. Not only is the world still very much composed of states, but insofar as there is any effective democracy at all in relation to the power of capitalists and bureaucrats, it is still embedded in political structures which are national or subnational in scope. Those who advance the nebulous case for an "international civil society" to match the 'nebuleuse' that is global capitalist governance usually fail to appreciate that capitalism has not escaped the state but rather that the state has, as always, been a fundamental constitutive element in the very process of extension of capitalism in our time.

The economics of the profit rate : competition, crises, and historical tendencies in capitalism

Abstract: Part 1 The profit rate: the economics of the profit rate - a summary definitions and measures of the profit rate. Part 2 Competition and prices of production: prices of production long-term equilibrium in classical and Walrasian models the classical analysis of competition convergence? Part 3 General disequilibrium: a general disequilibrium model development of the basic model proportions and dimension in the short and long terms out of the mainstream. Part 4 Stability and business fluctuations: the real and monetary determinants of macro (in)stability the impact of the profit rate on the macroeconomy business fluctuations in other paradigms. Part 5 Technology and distribution - a historical perspective: the historical profile of the profit rate historical tendencies accumulation and growth profitability trends. Part 6 History: profitability and management a chronological overview the historical dynamics of capitalism.

The Commercial Spirit of Intimate Life and the Abduction of Feminism: Signs from Women's Advice Books:

Abstract: Bestselling advice books for women published in the United States over the last two decades may offer a glimpse into an important wider trend in popular culture. This trend is a curious, latter-day parallel to the very different cultural shift Max Weber describes in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 2 (1958). The current cultural shift differs in the object of its ideas (love and not work), in the social sphere it most affects (the family and not the economy) and in the population most immediately influenced (women, not men). The cultural shift reflected in advice books concerns a more marginal ideology, feminism, and the commercial transmutation of it is a shift that is smaller, I hope, in scale. Like the earlier trend, this one represents the outcome of an ongoing cultural struggle, gives rise to countertrends, and is uneven in its effect. But the parallel is there. Just as Protestantism, according to Max Weber, “escaped from the cage” of the Church to be transposed into an inspirational “spirit of capitalism” that drove men to make money and build capitalism, so feminism may be “escaping from the cage” of a social movement to buttress a commercial spirit of intimate life that was originally separate from and indeed alien to it. 3 Just as market conditions ripened the soil for capitalism, so a weakened family prepares the soil for a commercialized spirit of domestic life. 4 Magnified moments in advice books tell this story. In exploring evidence of this shift, this parallel, I'm assuming that bestselling advice books for women published between 1970 and 1990 are a likely bell-wether of trends in the popular ideas governing women's approach to intimate life. I also assume that advice books, like other commercial and professional conveyors of guidance, are becoming more important while traditional spheres of authority, families and to a degree churches, are becoming less so. 5 Thus, while

Rights, Relationality, and Membership: Rethinking the Making and Meaning of Citizenship

Abstract: The republication after 40 years of T. H. Marshall's Citizenship and Social Class signifies a revived interest in sociolegal historical approaches to citizenship rights. For decades students have been guided by Marshall's classic treatise. But can Marshall's argument for the causal power of the “transition from feudalism to capitalism” continue to provide an adequate grounding for sociolegal approaches to citizenship and rights formation? Building on Marshall's path-breaking expansion of the concept of citizenship, I use institutional analysis and causal narrativity to present an alternative explanation. I argue that modem citizenship rights me a contingent outcome of the convergence of England's medieval legal revolutions with its regionally varied local legal and political cultures, not of the emergence of capitalist markets.

Relations of Ruling: Class and Gender in Postindustrial Societies

Abstract: Part 1 Class relations in post-industrial societies: class relations in industrial capitalism filling the empty places - class, gender, and postindustrialism post-industrialism, small capital, and the "old" middle class (co-authored with Grant Schellenberg) post-industrialism and the regulation of labour the political culture of class. Part 2 gender relations in post-industrial societies bringing in gender - post-industrialism and patriarchy (co-authored with Clarence Lochhead) household relations - power divisions and domestic labour linking domestic and paid labour - career disruptions and household obligations social cleavages and the political cultures of gender after industrialism.

Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-Year

Abstract: In a work with significant implications for present-day economic reform in the Soviet Union, Paul Gregory examines Russian and Soviet economic history prior to the installation of the administrative command system. By drawing on basic economic statistics from 1861 to the 1930s, Gregory's revisionist account debunks a number of myths promulgated by historians in both the East and the West. He demonstrates that the Russian economy under the Tsars performed much better than has previously been supposed; the Russian economy and its financial institutions were integrated into the world economy, allowing Russia to attract significant foreign capital. Furthermore, he shows that Stalin's justifications for the abandonment of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the late 1920s were incorrect: the so-called crises of NEP were either fabricated or the result of misguided economic thinking. The study describes little-known Russian and Soviet successes with market capitalism, while it also shows the problems inherent in a mixed system, such as the NEP, which seeks to combine very strong elements of command with market resource allocation.

The Entrepreneur in Theory and Practice

Abstract: The entrepreneur, in one form or another, has been around a long time in both economic theory and empirical studies of entry. Argues that these traditions have exhibited an over‐concern with the entrepreneur′s function at the expense of the supply of entrepreneurs, an area which has received only sporadic attention in the literature. It is this supply aspect which is critical to economic development and economists should now devote more attention to it.

Privatization and Economic Performance

Abstract: One of the most enduring legacies of the 1980s has been the programme of privatizations that the Thatcher government set in train in the first half of the decade. Whole sectors of the UK economy which were formerly part of the public sector were sold off to the private sector. Some were bought out by their employees; others were bought by the public at large. Some public services were contracted out to the private sector; others were placed on a more commercial footing. The UK privatization programme had an influence on economic policy throughout the world. Privatization programmes were initiated in Asia, South America, and Africa, as well as Europe and North America. The most recent to experiment with privatizations have been the East European countries which have seen privatization as the fastest route to move from socialism to capitalism. The purpose of this book is to stand back and examine what has been learnt from the extensive programme of privatization that the UK government has completed, and to consider what aspects of privatization remain to be done. This book attempts to evaluate different sectors of the UK economy over the past 10 years. It examines what has happened and why, where have been the successes and failures, what lessons can be learnt for the design of privatization programmes elsewhere and what can the UK government still can do usefully in this area.

The Catholic ethic and the spirit of capitalism

Abstract: The Catholic Church has, for generations, been reluctant to come to terms with capitalism. Novak argues that a 100-year debate within the Catholic Church has yielded a richer and more humane vision of capitalism than that described in Weber's Protestant Ethic.

Capitalism and Development

Abstract: Histories and theories of capitalist development development - lodestar or illusion, Henry Berntein democracy and development - deconstruction and debate, Mahmoud Dhaouadi Agrarian classes in capitalist development, Rhys Jenkins capitalist development in the NICS, Kyong-Dong Kim Confucianism and capitalist development in East Asia, Maria Mies gender and global capitalism, Ronaldo Munck development and the environment - managing the contradictions?, Michael Redclift capitalism, humane development and other underdevelopment, Leslie Sklair capitalism and development in global perspective uneven development and the textiles and clothing industry, Diane Elson capitalism, develoment and global commodity chains, Gary Gereffi tourism, capitalism and development in less developed countries, David Harrison electronics industries and the developing world - uneven contributions and uncertain prospects, Jeffrey Henderson Japanese multinationals and East Asian development - the case of the automobile industry, Richard Child Hill and Yong Joo Lee capitalism, agriculture and world economy, Philip McMichael and Laura Reynolds gender and Third World industrialization, Ruth Pearson

The Myth of Property: Toward an Egalitarian Theory of Ownership

Abstract: The Myth of Property is the first book-length study to focus directly on the variable and complex structure of ownership. It critically analyses what it means to own something, and it takes familiar debates about distributive justice and recasts them into discussions of the structure of ownership. The traditional notion of private property assumed by both defenders and opponents of that system is criticized and exposed as a "myth." The book then puts forward a new theory of what it means to own something, one that will be important for any theory of distributive justice. This new approach more adequately reveals the disparate social and individual values that property ownership serves to promote. The study has importance for understanding the reform of capitalist and welfare state systems, as well as the institution of market economies in former socialist states, for the view developed here makes the traditional dichotomy between private ownership capitalism and public ownership socialism obsolete. This new approach to ownership also places egalitarian principles of distributive justice in a new light and challenges critics to clarify aspects of property ownership worth protecting against calls for greater equality. The book closes by showing how defenders of egalitarianism can make use of some of the ideas and values that traditionally made private property appear to be such a pervasive human institution.

Capitalism, socialism, ecology

Abstract: In this major new book, Andre Gorz expands on the political implications of his prescient and influential Paths to Paradise and Critique of Economic Reason. Against the background of technological developments which have transformed the nature of work and the structure of the workforce, Gorz explores the new political agendas facing both left and right. Each is in disarray: the right, torn between the demands of capital and the 'traditional values' of its supporters, can only offer illusory solutions, while the left either capitulates to these or remains tempted by regressive, 'fundamentalist' projects inappropriate to complex modern societies. Identifying the grave risks posed by a dual society with a hyperactive minority of full-time workers confronting a silenced majority who are, at best, precariously employed, Gorz proposes a new definition of a key social conflict within Western societies in terms of the distribution of work and the form and content of non-working time. Taking into account changing cultural attitudes to work, he re-examines socialism's historical project - which, he contends, has always properly been to lay down the rules and limits within which economic rationality may be permitted to function, not to create some statist, productivist countersystem. Above all, he offers a vital fresh perspective for the left, whose objective, in his view, must be to extend the sphere of autonomous human activity, and increase the possibilities for individual self-fulfilment.

Global Integration and Subsistence Insecurity

Abstract: Global integration heightens the cyclical crises of capitalism by incorporating the subsistence sectors of advanced and peripheral economies. World trends show a contraction in industrial production, the rise of unemployment, an increase in military spending and decline in social welfare, a reversal of capital flows from developing countries to developed economies, and a worldwide drop in real wages. The impact of these trends on communities in Mexico, Bolivia, and the United States where the author has done fieldwork is assessed in relation to current economic crises and the social movements that respond to them. The author shows that collective action to oppose the devastating effect on subsistence is more prevalent in marginal economies that are just beginning to experience the effect of capital penetration than in the industrial wastelands of developed countries. Theories of the crisis neglect those arenas where resistance and protest are most active: the urban barrios struggling for food and water, the rural laborers forced off of their land base, and the hunters and cultivators of the jungle. Luxemburg's thesis asserting the importance of the subsistence sector in capital accumulation acquires increasing significance at a time when those economies are threatened with extinction. Expanding the notion of subsistence production to include nonwage work allows us to theorize the significance of social reproduction in crisis conditions. THE INTEGRATION OF PEASANTS AND WORKERS throughout the world in a global economy exacerbates the cyclical crises of capitalism as more people are affected by changes in employment levels and fewer resources in subsistence economies are available to cushion the impact. These recurrent cycles are further compounded by an environmental crisis caused by intensive agricultural practices and widespread exploitation of forests, fossil fuels, and mineral resources, depleting wild fauna and fish that once fed millions. The crisis is reaching alarming proportions as capitalist enterprises expand the frontiers of investment into new areas that offer more promising returns. Hunter-gatherers and cultivators in the few remaining tropical forests are among the most recent to lose their subsistence base with the advance of loggers, drug dealers, cattle raisers, miners, irrigation dams, and multinational corporations (Bodley 1988; Davis 1977; Lee 1992). Like peasants and proletariats of decades past, the forest dwellers are becoming dependent on global enterprises for jobs, markets, or handouts. At the same time, the withdrawal of capital from old industrial areas leaves communities devastated in its wake, forced to resort to whatever subsistence strategies are still viable. In the present global crisis, anthropologists have a mandate to integrate their views of foragers and cultivators in these new frontiers of capitalist advance with studies of declining industrial wastelands. The multiplicity of ways in which people in very diverse settings are experiencing and responding to the threat to subsistence security reveals the importance of local knowledge in balancing productive strategies with the restoration of natural resources for future generations. Residents of the same community and even members of the same family may operate simultaneously within several distinct productive systems, alternating wage work with subsistence farming, petty commodity production, and commercial sales or trucking operations.

Constraints on Capitalism in Russia: The Managerial Psyche, Social Infrastructure, and Ideology

Abstract: In the wake of failed coups and political challenges by ultra-conservatives, leaders in the emergent Russian federation face the difficult task of introducing sweeping economic, political, and social changes without provoking a return to Soviet ideology. Russian citizens are uncertain about the benefits of adjusting to a market-based economy, and their social infrastructure is inadequate to cope with new expectations for self-direction and individual responsibilities. At the core of the change process are nearly 75 years of deep-rooted socialist doctrine and a rigid sociopolitical hierarchy through which monopoly power over resources and the means of production were controlled. Until recently, only a select body of the Supreme Soviet or its appointees had authority to make substantive decisions. Today, however, Russia is attempting to transform its economy, which involves repositioning companies as market-driven enterprises. Consequently, managers are being given greater authority and responsibility for organizational performance. Changes in managerial values are a significant element in the socioeconomic transformation in Russia.