Showing papers on "Compensatory growth (organism) published in 2013"

Experimental demonstration of the growth rate–lifespan trade-off

Abstract: The hypothesized negative relationship between growth rate and lifespan has proved very difficult to test robustly because of potentially confounding variables, particularly nutrient availability and final size. Here we provide, to our knowledge, the first rigorous experimental test of this hypothesis, and find dramatic changes in lifespan in the predicted direction in response to both upward and downward manipulations of growth rates. We used brief (less than 4% of median lifespan) exposure to relatively cold or warm temperatures early in life to deflect juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus from their normal growth trajectories; this induced catch-up or slowed-down growth when ambient temperatures were restored, and all groups attained the same average adult size. Catch-up growth led to a reduction in median lifespan of 14.5 per cent, while slowed-down growth extended lifespan by 30.6 per cent. These lifespan effects were independent of eventual size attained or reproductive investment in adult life. Photoperiod manipulations showed that the effects of compensatory growth on lifespan were also influenced by time available for growth prior to breeding, being more extreme when less time was available. These results demonstrate the growth–lifespan trade-off. While growing more slowly can increase longevity, the optimal resolution of the growth–lifespan trade-off is influenced by time constraints in a seasonal environment.

Endocrine Regulation of Compensatory Growth in Fish

Abstract: Compensatory growth (CG) is a period of accelerated growth that occurs following the alleviation of growth-stunting conditions during which an organism can make up for lost growth opportunity and potentially catch up in size with non-stunted cohorts. Fish show a particularly robust capacity for the response and have been the focus of numerous studies that demonstrate their ability to compensate for periods of fasting once food is made available again. CG is characterized by an elevated growth rate resulting from enhanced feed intake, mitogen production, and feed conversion efficiency. Because little is known about the underlying mechanisms that drive the response, this review describes the sequential endocrine adaptations that lead to CG; namely during the precedent catabolic phase (fasting) that taps endogenous energy reserves, and the following hyperanabolic phase (refeeding) when accelerated growth occurs. In order to elicit a CG response, endogenous energy reserves must first be moderately depleted, which alters endocrine profiles that enhance appetite and growth potential. During this catabolic phase, elevated ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) production increase appetite and protein-sparing lipolysis, while insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are suppressed, primarily due to hepatic GH resistance. During refeeding, temporal hyperphagia provides an influx of energy and metabolic substrates that are then allocated to somatic growth by resumed IGF signaling. Under the right conditions, refeeding results in hyperanabolism and a steepened growth trajectory relative to constantly fed controls. The response wanes as energy reserves are re-accumulated and homeostasis is restored. We ascribe possible roles for select appetite and growth-regulatory hormones in the context of the prerequisite of these catabolic and hyperanabolic phases of the CG response in teleosts, with emphasis on GH, IGFs, cortisol, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, and leptin.

Interacting effects of temperature and density on individual growth performance in a wild population of brown trout

Abstract: Summary Growth is a key life-history trait linked to population regulation in fishes and may be influenced by biotic and abiotic factors such as density and temperature. Exploring how growth performance is altered by such factors in the wild will aid our understanding of how climate change might influence fish populations. We explore the interactions between temperature and density on growth in a stream-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) population by comparing observed individual growth rates with predicted rates, at maximum rations, as a function of natural variation in water temperature in a small, cold (average temp summer <11 °C) stream in south-east Norway. Variation in relative growth performance of resident brown trout was analysed using a linear mixed-model approach based on a 9-year-long time series of mark–recapture data that yielded 1043 individual growth rate estimates for the summer seasons. Observed growth rates never exceeded 60% of predicted growth. Density and temperature interacted in a non-additive and complex way as controlling agents of growth performance, where a general positive effect of temperature minimised an apparent negative effect of density. We also found an interaction between age and density, where young fish were more negatively affected by density than older fish. Individuals that were small for their age showed evidence of compensatory growth. As our system appears to be strongly resource limited and temperature seems to facilitate relative growth performance, we argue that the negative density effect is mitigated by increased food supply when temperature increases during the summer growth season. Further, the positive effect of temperature on growth appeared minimal at low densities, suggesting an unmeasured factor (e.g. food quality) was limiting some of the growth potential. Our results help elucidate potential effects of temperature changes on brown trout in a small and cold stream, where the positive influence of temperature is more pronounced at high fish densities.

Fast growers sprint slower: effects of food deprivation and re-feeding on sprint swimming performance in individual juvenile European sea bass

Abstract: While many ectothermic species can withstand prolonged fasting without mortality, food deprivation may have sublethal effects of ecological importance, including reductions in locomotor ability. Little is known about how such changes in performance in individual animals are related to either mass loss during food deprivation or growth rate during re-feeding. This study followed changes in the maximum sprint swimming performance of individual European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, throughout 45 days of food deprivation and 30 days of re-feeding. Maximum sprint speed did not show a significant decline until 45 days of food deprivation. Among individuals, the reduction in sprinting speed at this time was not related to mass loss. After 30 days of re-feeding, mean sprinting speed had recovered to match that of control fish. Among individuals, however, maximum sprinting speed was negatively correlated with growth rate after the resumption of feeding. This suggests that the rapid compensatory growth that occurs during re-feeding after a prolonged fast carries a physiological cost in terms of reduced sprinting capacity, the extent of which shows continuous variation among individuals in relation to growth rate. The long-term repeatability of maximum sprint speed was low when fish were fasted or fed a maintenance ration, but was high among control fish fed to satiation. Fish that had been previously food deprived continued to show low repeatability in sprinting ability even after the initiation of ad libitum feeding, probably stemming from variation in compensatory growth among individuals and its associated negative effects on sprinting ability. Together, these results suggest that food limitation can disrupt hierarchies of maximum sprint performance within populations. In the wild, the cumulative effects on locomotor capacity of fasting and re-feeding could lead to variable survival among individuals with different growth trajectories following a period of food deprivation.

Despite Catch-Up, Prolonged Growth Has Detrimental Fitness Consequences in a Long-Lived Vertebrate

Abstract: Individuals experiencing poor growth early in life may later make up their size deficit. Compensatory growth or growth prolongation may lead to such catch-up, involving different life-history trade-offs under natural conditions. Frequent recaptures and detailed monitoring of animals surviving to asymptotic size are required to compare growth tactics and their fitness consequences. No study to date has obtained such detailed information for wild animals. We used repeated mass measurements (mean 11.6/animal) spanning the lifetime of 104 bighorn ewes (Ovis canadensis) to quantify growth tactics and identify the determinants and life-history costs of these tactics. Growth prolongation, not compensatory growth, led to partial catch-up: mass difference at age 7 was reduced to 4%, for two groups that differed by nearly 20% as yearlings. Ewes that had been light as yearlings prolonged their growth regardless of density or age of primiparity. Growth prolongation did not affect fecundity or longevity. Ewes ...

Compensatory growth in sub-yearling Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869: Effects of starvation and refeeding on growth, feed utilization and body composition

Abstract: Summary The capacity of sub-yearling Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869) (19.7 ± 0.8 g) to show compensatory growth was assessed for a 40-day period for the effects of short-term starvation and refeeding on growth, feeding performance and body composition. After acclimation, 25 experimental fish were randomly distributed among twelve 500-L cylindrical fiberglass tanks with a flow-through system. The fish were subjected to four different feeding regimes: control, which was fed four times daily to apparent satiation; T1: four periods of 2 days starvation alternating with 8 days re-feeding; T2: two periods of 4 days starvation alternating with 16 days refeeding; T3: an 8 days starvation period followed by 32 days refeeding. At the end of the experiment, the deprived fish attained body weights comparable to those attained by the control fish. There were no differences in growth and feeding performances between the deprived and the control fish. Total protein and lipid contents of the control fish were significantly higher than that of T1 and T2 fish at the end of the experiment (P < 0.05). A significant difference in the energy content was observed between T2 and the control. Siberian sturgeon exhibited complete compensation, indicating a high ability of the deprived fish to grow sufficiently to fully compensate for weight loss during starvation. The results suggested that the feeding schedule involving starvation–refeeding cycles could be a promising feed management option for the culture of this species.

Effects of starvation and re-feeding on compensatory growth performance, plasma metabolites and igf-i gene expression of persian sturgeon (acipenser persicus, borodin 1897)

Abstract: The effects of starvation and subsequent re-feeding on compensatory growth performance, blood serum metabolites and IGF-ImRNA expression in liver and muscle were investigated in juvenile Persian sturgeon. Growth indices including body weight, SGR, CF, and HSI significantly decreased after starvation. However, after re-feeding sturgeons that were starved for 1 week reached the same weight as the control, indicating that complete compensatory growth had occurred. Conversely, sturgeon in longer periods of starvation showed only partial growth compensation. HSI values decreased significantly during starvation, although they returned to the control fish levels after re-feeding. Plasma levels of glucose and insulin during starvation and re-feeding did not significantly change. This suggests that sturgeon is able to maintain glycaemia during starvation, probably due to their non-carbohydrates source dietary. Plasma total lipid level in un-fed treatments, however, was found to increase, possibly as a mechanism to utilise lipids as a fuel during starvation. IGF-I mRNA expression in liver and muscle increased during starvation and decreased after re-feeding. However, changes in the IGF-I mRNA expression were not significantly different among treatments. These results indicate that a periodic short-term starvation in Persian sturgeon does not adversely sacrifice overall fish weight gain and sturgeon can realise compensatory growth.

Reduced compensatory growth capacity in mistimed broods of a migratory passerine

Abstract: Phenotypic plasticity has recently been proposed to increase population viability when rapid anthropogenic environmental changes cannot be tracked by means of evolution. This assumes that environmental changes do not constrain phenotypic plasticity itself, which has rarely been examined in natural populations. In areas of climate warming, many long-distance migratory birds breed increasingly late relative to the period of peak food supply, and the temporal mismatch may constrain plastic life-history traits such as nestling growth. We combined 23 years of food availability and breeding data with a 3-year experimental manipulation of nestling growth trajectories in a Central European population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) to examine the potential impact of climate-related mistimed breeding on nestling developmental plasticity. Timing of the food peak was predicted by winter climate, and the median hatching date of broods was earlier in springs with earlier food peaks. However, the adjustment of hatching date was incomplete and the population largely missed the food peak in years with very early food peaks. After imposing a temporary, experimental food shortage on nestlings, the extent of compensatory growth in body mass differed among years, and this difference was apparently related to the distance of hatching dates from the yearly food peak. Growth compensation declined with distance from the peak. These results suggest that mistimed phenology may not only create permanently adverse conditions for migratory species but it may also constrain the plastic responses of individuals to temporary disturbances. Therefore, climate change may not only favour but also restrict phenotypic plasticity.

Compensatory growth response of sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur, 1821) to starvation and refeeding

Abstract: Compensatory growth response and body composition of male sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna subjected to short-term starvation and subsequent feeding were studied for 54 days. Four feeding schedules were used in this study: C, Control (were fed to apparent satiation throughout the experiment); T1, Treatment 1 (3 days Starvation and 6 days refeeding); T2, Treatment 2 (6 days Starvation and 12 days refeeding); T3, Treatment 3 (9 days Starvation and 18 days refeeding). At the end of the experiment, the starved fish gained a body weight comparable to that of the control fish. There were no differences in condition factor, specific growth rate and weight gain between the starved and control fish at the end of the experiment. Daily feed intake was significantly higher in T3 than that in the control. Short-term starvation did not influence protein, lipid and ash contents. Moisture content of T2 and T3 fish were significantly higher than those of T1 and control fish. The results indicated that complete compensation occurred in the starved fish and that this species can tolerate to short term starvation without any significant effects on growth and feeding performance.

Empirical growth curve estimation considering multiple seasonal compensatory growths of body weights in Japanese Thoroughbred colts and fillies.

Abstract: Thoroughbred horses are seasonal mating animals, and their foals are born yearly in spring seasons. In northern regions or countries, the foals generally show a typical seasonal compensatory growth pattern, where their growth rate declines in winter and increases in the next spring. In this study, a new empirical approach is proposed to adjust for this compensatory growth when growth curve equations are estimated, by using BW of Japanese Thoroughbred colts and fillies raised in Hidaka, Hokkaido. Based on the traditional Richards growth curve equation, new growth curve equations were developed and fit to the weight-age data. The foals generally experience 2 major winter seasons before their debut in horseracing. The new equations had sigmoid subfunctions that can empirically adjust the first and second year compensatory growths, combined with the Richards biological parameter responsible for the maturity of animals. The unknown parameters included in the equations were estimated by SAS NLMIXED procedure. The goodness-of-fit was examined by using several indices of goodness-of-fit (i.e., Akaike's information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, -2 log likelihood, and residual sum of squares) for the multiple applications of the subfunctions. The indices indicated the best fit of the new equations including both subfunctions for the first and second compensatory growths to the weight-age data. The shapes of the growth curves were improved during the periods of compensatory growth. The proposed method is one of the useful approaches for adjusting multiple seasonal compensatory growths in growth curve estimations of Thoroughbreds and for the management of young horses during the compensatory periods.

Growth outcome: nutritionist perspective.

Abstract: Increasing evidence points to a fundamental role of early nutrition on rates of growth and development, and later health. We may identify three major fields of scientific interest and clinical application. (1) In developing countries poor growth is associated with greater risk of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, mainly lower respiratory infections and diarrhea. In these settings, failure to promote compensatory growth may have negative short-term consequences, and the nutritionist's task is the primary prevention of nutrient deficiencies to promote the full expression of the individual genetic potential, while allowing for recovery of early secondary functional deficiencies. (2) A second challenge for nutritionists is represented by the approach to growth impairments in rare disorders, ranging from congenital disorders to chronic infections. Most disorders are favorably influenced by improved nutritional status and better growth, and patients may satisfactorily reach adolescence, pubertal and reproductive age, up to ageing. Even for the less positive conditions, an improvement in the quality of life for families is in any case a rewarding aim. (3) A third challenge is represented by the definition of the role of nutrition on growth in physiological conditions for all individuals. Concern has been raised about the potential adverse long-term consequences of accelerated child growth rates, possibly resulting in a predisposition to develop non-communicable chronic diseases in the adult age. Accordingly, this hypothesis might explain the benefits of breastfeeding in terms of slower early growth, and the fetal origins hypothesis in terms of adverse postnatal catch-up growth in infants born small. Therefore, growth as viewed by a pediatric nutritionist perspective is a complex matter, ranging from the early stages of intrauterine development up to adult ages and ageing processes. Cost/benefit analyses of interventions on growth such as cost per DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) or QALYs (quality-adjusted life years) should be expanded on population basis and extended also to congenital and invalidating disorders to identify the most effective and economic sustainable strategies of action.

[Body mass, energy budget and leptin of mice under stochastic food restriction and refeeding].

Abstract: Periods of restricted food intake that lead to lower body weight are often followed by rapid regaining of the lost weight after ad libitum refeeding, an event generally known as the "compensatory growth". To explore the physiological mechanisms underlying "compensatory growth", we evaluated a series of energetic parameters (energy intake, energy expenditure, body composition and serum leptin levels) of adult KM mice subjected to three cycles of stochastic food restriction following by ad libitum refeeding (SFR-Re). The results indicated that animals lost their body mass after stochastic food restriction and then regained to the control level after refeeding. After the final cycle, SFR-Re mice showed higher basal metabolic rate, lower nonshivering thermogenesis, and their cytochrome c oxydase activities, as well as uncoupling protein 1(UCP1) contents of brown adipose tissue all decreased compared with controls. Meanwhile, higher energy intake and digestibility, as well as heavier fat pads also were found in SFR-Re mice. But, serum leptin levels showed no difference between SFR-Re and control mice. On the whole, these findings indicated that when food is resourceful, SFR-Re mice are under rapid "compensatory growth" by increasing their food intake and energy storage efficiency, meanwhile, decreasing energy consumption in thermogenesis. Moreover, leptin may be a possible player in the regulations of energy budget and thermogenesis during "compensatory growth".

Compensatory growth of C2C12 myotubes induced by the combined effect of lysine sufficiency and modulation of IGF-I and glucocorticoid levels.

Abstract: We have reported that a change from a lysine-deficient diet to a lysine-sufficient diet induced compensatory growth in rats and pigs. The aim of the present study was to determine whether compensatory growth of C2C12 myotubes occurs only by sufficiency of lysine or also by the synergic effect of sufficiency of lysine and modulation of the levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and glucocorticoid in a medium. The results provide the first evidence of compensatory growth of C2C12 myotubes induced by sufficiency of a single amino acid in combination with modulation of the levels of IGF-I and glucocorticoid.

The compensatory growth of Penaeus monodon after starvation

Abstract: We conducted compensatory growth experiment on black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon [with initial wet weight of( 1. 60± 0. 01) g],after suffering from starvation for days at( 25. 0 ± 1. 5) ℃. The different groups,including control( C),S2( starvation for 2 days),S4,S6 and S8,were deprived of food for 0 d,2 d,4 d,6 d and 8 d,respectively. Then each group was fed again ad libitum for some time. Starved for 2 d,the weight of giant tiger shrimp increased slightly,the lipid decreased,the contents of water and ash increased significantly( P 0. 05),while the contents of protein did not obviously change. With prolonged starvation,body weight,protein contents and fat continued to decline,while the contents of moisture and ash continued to rise. At the end of the experiment,the body weight of group S2 and S4 was slightly lower than that of control group,but the composition of shrimp body was closed to or on the same level with the control group. The body weight of group S6 and S8 was far lower than the control group,and the composition of shrimp body was significantly different from the control group. During the recovery growth,the food conversion efficiency of each experimental group was higher than that of the control group,while the food conversion rate of each experimental group was lower than that of the control group. The results indicate that there is incomplete compensatory effect during starvation of P. monodon,and the compensatory growth is due to the increase of food conversion efficiency during re-feed.

The compensatory growth of Penaeus monodon after starvation

Abstract: We conducted compensatory growth experiment on black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon [ with initial wet weight of ( 1. 60 ±0. 01) g] , after suffering from starvation for days at ( 25. 0 ±1. 5) °C. The different groups, including control ( C) , S2 ( starvation for 2 days) , S4, S6 and S8, were deprived of food for 0 d, 2 d, 4 d, 6 d and 8 d, respectively. Then each group was fed again ad libitum for some time. Starved for 2 d, the weight of giant tiger shrimp increased slightly, the lipid decreased, the contents of water and ash increased significantly( P < 0. 05) , while the contents of protein did not obviously change. With prolonged starvation, body weight, protein contents and fat continued to decline, while the contents of moisture and ash continued to rise. At the end of the experiment, the body weight of group S2 and S4 was slightly lower than that of control group, but the composition of shrimp body was closed to or on the same level with the control group. The body weight of group S6 and S8 was far lower than the control group, and the composition of shrimp body was significantly different from the control group. During the recovery growth, the food conversion efficiency All Rights Reserved. South China Fisheries Science http://www.schinafish.cn ] 26 南 方 水 产 科 学 第 9 卷 of each experimental group was higher than that of the control group, while the food conversion rate of each experimental group was lower than that of the control group. The results indicate that there is incomplete compensatory effect during starvation of P. monodon, and the compensatory growth is due to the increase of food conversion efficiency during re-feed.

Empirical Percentile Growth Curves with Z-scores Considering Seasonal Compensatory Growths for Japanese Thoroughbred Horses.

Abstract: Percentile growth curves are often used as a clinical indicator to evaluate variations of children’s growth status. In this study, we propose empirical percentile growth curves using Z-scores adapted for Japanese Thoroughbred horses, with considerations of the seasonal compensatory growth that is a typical characteristic of seasonal breeding animals. We previously developed new growth curve equations for Japanese Thoroughbreds adjusting for compensatory growth. Individual horses and residual effects were included as random effects in the growth curve equation model and their variance components were estimated. Based on the Z-scores of the estimated variance components, empirical percentile growth curves were constructed. A total of 5,594 and 5,680 body weight and age measurements of male and female Thoroughbreds, respectively, and 3,770 withers height and age measurements were used in the analyses. The developed empirical percentile growth curves using Z-scores are computationally feasible and useful for monitoring individual growth parameters of body weight and withers height of young Thoroughbred horses, especially during compensatory growth periods.

Determining the potential of compensatory growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) in a recirculating aquaculture system.

Abstract: The effect of feed cycling on compensatory growth was examined in Nile tilapia (83 g), held individually at 28oC. Fish were fasted for 2, 4, and 6 days and then refed the same period like they were fasting with the same daily quantity of food like the controls. In all the variants we had applied the same feed rate, 1.6% BW. The fed was administrated 2 times daily. After 25 days, fish fasted for 6 days at a time were not significantly smaller than controls, or fish experiencing 2 or 4 days of fasting. There were no significantly differences in visceral fat or hepatosomatic indices. Fish subjected to fasting displayed compensatory growth, and high growth rate during the recovery phase was achieved by hyperphagia, rather than improved feed conversion. There was a highly significant relationship between feed intake and weight gain, and feed conversion differ between fish subjected to the different treatments,with good result in the second treatment were the period of fasting was only for 2 days. The results indicate that Nile tilapia can be subjected to short periods of fasting without significant effects on growth, and for a good improvement in feed utilization during the refeeding period.

Mucosal Bacteria Associated With Periods Of Reduced And Compensatory Growth In Pigs

Abstract: Introduction Reduced quality diets and removal of in-feed antibiotics negatively impacted nursery performance but not days to market or carcass characteristics (Skinner et al., 2014). Physiological mechanisms involved in periods of reduced and improved growth could be related to digestive capacity and digestive enzyme activity (Levesque et al., 2012a). Results of denatured gradient gel electrophoresis of ileal microbial community diversity suggested that post-weaning nutrition had a long-term effect and permanently altered ileal mucosa-associated, but not ileal digesta, microbiota composition (Levesque et al., 2012b). The objective of this study was to 1) describe the ileal bacterial profile during periods of reduced and compensatory growth and 2) determine whether early nutritional insult permanently altered the profile of ileal mucosa bacterial populations.

Could a Manipulation of Dietary Nutrient Contents Including Phosphorous Affect Compensatory Growth of Juvenile Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Abstract: I hypothesized that the manipulation of dietary nutrient contents including phosphorous could affect compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Thirty fish averaging 34.8 g per tank were randomly chosen and distributed into 15 flow-through 180-L tanks. Three experimental diets were prepared: the control (C) diet, high protein and lipid (HPL) diet, and HPL diet with supplementation of calcium phosphate-monobasic (HPLP). Five treatments were prepared in triplicate: fish were hand-fed daily with the C diet twice a day for 8 weeks (C-8W); fish were starved for 1 week, and then fed with the HPL or HPLP diets twice a day for 7 weeks, and referred to as HPL-7W and HPLP-7W, respectively; and fish were starved for 2 weeks, and then fed with the HPL or HPLP diets twice a day for 6 weeks, and referred to as HPL-6W and HPLP-6W, respectively. The body weight of fish with C-8W, HPL-7W and HPLP-7W treatments was higher than fish with HPL-6W and HPLP-6W treatments on week 2, 4 and 6 after an initiation of the trial. At the end of the 8-week trial, fish with HPLP-7W and HPL-7W treatments overcompensated, as compared to fish with C-8W treatment. Full compensation was not achieved in fish subjected to the 2-week feed deprivation (HPL-6W and HPLP-6W treatments). Overall feed intake by fish was proportional to weeks of feeding. Feed conversion ratio of fish with HPLP-7W, HPL-6W and HPLP-6W treatments was higher than fish with C-8W treatment. The study showed that dietary supplementation of protein and lipid resulted in overcompensation of juvenile olive flounder subjected to a 1-week feed depriva tion, but not a 2-week feed deprivation. Additionally, dietary supplementation of phosphorous did not further improve compensatory growth of fish.