Showing papers on "Conscientiousness published in 1992"

On traits and temperament: general and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five-factor model.

Abstract: In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affect and markers of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Replicating previous research, we found strong and pervasive associations between Neuroticism, its facets, and the various negative affects; and between Extraversion, its facets, and the positive affects. Conscientiousness also had a significant, independent relation with general positive affect, but this effect was entirely due to the specific affect of attentiveness, which was more strongly related to Conscientiousness than Extraversion. Conversely, only the achievement facet of Conscientiousness correlated broadly with the positive affects. Finally, hostility had a strong independent association with (low) Agreeableness. The results for Neuroticism and Extraversion further clarify the temperamental basis of these higher order trait dimensions; whereas those obtained for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness illustrate the importance of examining personality-affect relations at the lower order level.

Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance.

Abstract: Consensus between self-ratings and stranger ratings of personality traits was investigated. A sample of 100 adults was videotaped while entering and walking through a room, sitting down, looking into the camera, and reading a standard text. The targets then provided self-descriptions on 5 personality factors. A sample of 24 strangers who had never seen the targets before was given 1 of 4 types of information on the targets: (a) sound-film, (b) silent film, (c) still, or (d) audiotape. Strangers rated various physical attributes and 20 traits of each target. Level of information influenced the validity but not the reliability of the stranger ratings, which were most valid for extraversion and conscientiousness. Extraversion covaried most strongly with physical attributes, and implicit theories on the covariation of traits with physical attributes were more accurate for extraversion and conscientiousness than for agreeableness, emotional stability, and culture. If judges indicate their impressions of other people, their judgments usually correlate with the self-reports of the ratees. Moreover, the correlations between self-ratings and ratings by judges tend to be higher the more the judges know about the targets (Cloyd, 1977; Funder & Colvin, 1988; Norman & Goldberg, 1966; Paunonen, 1989). The highest correlations are usually found between self-reports and ratings by spouses. McCrae and Costa (1989) report correlations between self-ratings and spouse ratings from .53 to .60, whereas they report somewhat lower correlations, ranging from .32 to .54, between self-reports and ratings by a single peer. These findings indicate that (a) personality ratings reflect actual attributes of the target persons rather than illusions that exist only in the eye of the beholder, and (b) self-ratings and ratings by others agree more the more that both reflect shared information concerning the targets' personality. Consensus at Zero Acquaintance This raises the question of how much information is required in order that ratings by others possess some validity. We use the term valid to indicate that ratings by strangers or acquaintances correlate substantially with the targets' self-reports. At first glance, this is a curious usage of the idea of validity because self-reports are usually more suspect than observer ratings and are therefore frequently validated against observer ratings. But we have a special case here: Because the observers are strangers, the self-ratings are the more dependable measure of the actual personality of the ratees.

Consensus at zero acquaintance: replication, behavioral cues, and stability.

Abstract: That observers tend to agree in their ratings of a target even if they have never interacted with that target has been called consensus at zero acquaintance. The basic finding that consensus is highest for judgments concerning a target's degree of extraversion (EV) and somewhat weaker for judgments of conscientiousness is replicated. Several potential observable cues that might be used by judges when rating targets are examined. The finding that ratings of physical attractiveness correlate with judgments of EV is replicated. In Study 1, rapid body movements and smiling were also found to correlate with EV judgments. The level of consensus declined when initially unacquainted Ss interacted one-on-one (Study 2), but did not decline—and even increased—when Ss interacted in a group (Study 3). Ss judged as extraverted at zero acquaintance were also seen as extraverted after interacting with others. There has been considerable interest in the question of consensus: When two judges evaluate the same target, to what extent do the judges agree with one another? Evidence concerning consensus is theoretically important for two reasons (Kenny, 1991). First, social psychologists have long wondered about the extent to which person perception is driven by the stimulus or merely reflects assumptions of the perceiver. Beginning with the classic study by Dornbusch, Hastorf, Richardson, Muzzy, and Vreeland (1965), the level of consensus has been used to assess the extent to which person perception is target-based. Second, personality psychologists (e.g., Kenrick & Funder, 1988) have argued that consensus in personality judgments implies that traits are important factors in determining behavior. An obvious question in the study of consensus is the relationship between acquaintance and consensus. It would seem logical that greater acquaintance leads to greater consensus. If one is to study consensus between interacting pairs of people, one needs first to know the baseline level of consensus between people who have never interacted. Albright, Kenny, and Malloy (1988) described zero acquaintance as a condition in which one person observes another, but the two have never engaged in social interaction. Somewhat surprisingly, it seems that people's first impressions of a stranger on some traits are remarkably similar. To facilitate comparisons across studies, we consider only studies of consensus at zero acquaintance that used the five Norman (1963) personality factors: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Culture (or

Self-Regulation and Consistency between Attitudes, Traits, and Behaviors

Abstract: This research examined the impact of self-regulatory styles on the degree of consistency between behaviors and self-reported attitudes and traits. It was predicted that individuals who regulate their behavior in an autonomous manner would be more like{y to display behavior consistent with their self-reported attitudes and traits than individuals who regulate their behavior in accordance with external or introjected controls. In two intrinsic motivation laboratory experiments, subjects who were classified as autonomy oriented on the basis of their responses to the General Causality Orientations Scale were shown to display significantly higher attitude-behavior correlations than subjects classified as control oriented. In another experiment, autonomy-oriented subjects showed greater consistency between self-descriptions of conscientiousness and a behavioral criterion than control-oriented subjects. Together, these findings support Deci and Ryan's hypothesis that individual differences in self-regulation wil...

Probing the big five in adolescence: personality and adjustment during a developmental transition.

Abstract: The present study probed the links among Big Five personality differences, self-reported personality differences, and adjustment to school among young adolescents. We used a multimethod converging analysis, with three sources of data: (a) adolescent self-report on standardized personality inventories; (b) classroom teacher trait ratings and evaluations of adjustment; and (c) school guidance counselor evaluations of adjustment. Evaluations of adolescent adjustment were systematically related to Big Five personality differences, as assessed by both classroom teachers' and school counselors' ratings. For classroom teachers, adjustment was closely related to evaluations on the Big Five dimension of Conscientiousness. Adolescent self-report on several standardized measures was not related to adult evaluation of school adjustment. We suggest that the five-factor model may be a useful tool for probing adjustment during the transition to adolescence.

Manipulation in close relationships: five personality factors in interactional context.

Abstract: This research had three basic goals: (a) to identify manipulation tactics used in close relationships; (b) to document empirically the degree of generality and specificity of tactical deployment across relationship types (mates, friends, parents); and (c) to identify links between five major personality dimensions and the usage of manipulation tactics. Twelve manipulation tactics were identified through separate factor analyses of two instruments based on different data sources: Charm, Reason, Coercion, Silent Treatment, Debasement, and Regression (replicating Buss et al., 1987), and Responsibility Invocation, Reciprocity, Monetary Reward, Pleasure Induction, Social Comparison, and Hardball (an amalgam of threats, lies, and violence). The Big Five personality factors were assessed through three separate data sources: self-report, spouse report, and two independent interviewers. Personality factors showed coherent links with tactics, including Surgency (Coercion, Responsibility, Invocation), Desurgency (Debasement), Agreeableness (Pleasure Induction), Disagreeableness (Coercion), Conscientiousness (Reason), Emotional Instability (Regression), and Intellect-Openness (Reason). Discussion focuses on the consequences of the five personality factors for social interaction in close relationships.

Personality and Personal Projects: Linking Big Five and PAC Units of Analysis

Abstract: This article examines the relationships between classical trait units as represented by the five-factor model (eg, Digman, 1990) and personal action construct (PAC) units as measured by Personal Projects Analysis (Little, 1983) One hundred and forty-seven students were administered the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) and two components of Personal Projects methodology during their first term in university Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were related to problematic and positive project systems, respectively, with these effects generalizing across the academic and interpersonal project domains Extraversion and Agreeableness were also associated with positive evaluations of personal projects, particularly in the interpersonal domain Openness was distinctively linked with project initiation and value congruency We suggest theoretical and applied implications of using PAC methods to expand and refine the classical trait research agenda

An examination of the construct validity of personality-based and overt measures of integrity.

Abstract: Interest in integrity testing has grown extensively in recent years. A number of tests have been published designed to measure aspects of what has been variously termed honesty, delinquency, conscientiousness, and reliability. Many of these measures bear very close resemblance to one another and to mainstream personality scales whose publication dates stretch back some 40 years. In the present study, the authors examined the construct validity of four integrity tests. These four tests, along with selected scales from three large-scale personality inventories, were administered to 289 university undergraduate students. Statistically significant convergence among the so-called personality-based integrity scales was found. Coefficients ranged from .33 to .70. Although significant correlation was obtained between the overt and the personality-based measures, results of a factor analysis suggested a single factor unifying the personality-based integrity tests, as distinct from that accounting for the overt mea...

Consensus in Initial Impressions as a Function of Verbal Information

Abstract: Past research has found higher levels of agreement in personality ratings of others on traits related to extroversion than on other traits such as intelligence, honesty, or conscientiousness, particularly at low levels of acquaintance. One explanation for this effect is that verbal information relevant to these latter traits is less likely to be elicited in initial get-acquainted interactions. Providing such information should increase agreement. The present data suggest this is not the case. Agreement was equally low on these difficult-to-judge dimensions whether more or less relevant information was provided. The authors argue that because these traits are highly socially desirable, nonverbal information about the negative pole of the trait dimension is needed to make a confident judgment. Because such information is not available during initial encounters, simply increasing the quantity of relevant verbal information does not improve consensus.

The Interpersonal Style Inventory and the five-factor model.

Abstract: The study examined relations between the 15 scale scores of the Interpersonal Style Inventory (Lorr & Youniss, 1985) and the domain measures of the five-factor model provided by the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985). A sample of 236 college students were administered both inventories. A principal component analysis of the 5 NEO-PI domain scores and the 15 ISI scale scores followed by a Varimax rotation disclosed the expected five higher-order factors. Four factors, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Ageeableness, were defined by both NEO and ISI scales. Openness to Experience, however, was represented in the ISI by Independence and Directiveness, which define its Autonomy dimension. Thus, the ISI measures four of the five factors assessed by the NEO-PI.

Personality, Health Locus of Control, and Health Behavior.

Abstract: MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. *Health Activities; *Locus of Control; *Military Personnel; *Personality Traits; *Physical Health Identifying correlates of health Jahavior is an important step both for understanding and modifying health behavior. This study examined five personality factors (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness) and three dimensions of health locus of control (Internal, Powerful Others, Chance) as correlates of four dimensions of health behavior (Wellness Behaviors, Accident Control, Traffic Risk Taking, Substance Risk). Data from three independent samples (n's=1,303; 2,235; and 1,126) of randomly selected Navy personnel were analyzed. Findings indicated that Internal and Chance (but not Powerful Others) control beliefs were correlated with the personality factors. However, both personality and health locus of control beliefs were independently associated with the health behavior scales, with personality the stronger overall predictor. Findings indicated that Conscientiousness and Agreeableness were two of the most important elements of personality in predicting health behavior. These findings challenge health professionals to develop programs which use personality and control beliefs constructively so they sre sources of assistance rather than resistance to change. (Author/NB) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** Personality, Health Locus of Control, and Health Behavior

The Five-Factor Personality Model and Naval Aviation Candidates,

Abstract: : As personality testing has improved, various models for constructing and interpreting aviation selection tests have been proposed. Of particular interest to our study is the use of the five-factor personality model to naval aviation selection test interpretation and development. The five personality factors are conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, extraversion, and neuroticism. Therefore, we conducted a joint factor analysis on the Pilot Personality Questionnaire (PPQ) and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) taken by 158 Navy and Marine Corps student aviators. A principal component analysis (PCA) and a factor analysis (FA) with varimax rotations produced a robust five-factor solution. On the basis of content analysis, the FA factors obtained in our study coincided with the five classic dimensions of the five-factor personality model. Although investigations of personality in pilot selection have yielded mixed results, the finding of a five-factor solution in our study suggests that the five-factor personality model may be useful in personality testing in aviation selection decisions. Personality, Selection, Performance measurement, Computer-based testing

A study on the structure of conceptual representations of trait terms in everyday Japanese language

Abstract: The structure of conceptual representations of personality traits was investigated using the 75 trait terms in everyday language which were previously employed for the ratings for actual people (Isaka, 1990). Subjects were asked to estimate how possible it is for each of 75 traits to coexist with the other 74 traits. The three factors obtained corresponding to the commun «Big Five» factor (e.g., Norman, 1963) were; 1) Extroversion with a negative connotation, 2) Kindness/Agreeableness, and 3) Dominance and Industriousness/Conscientiousness. The multi-dimensional analysis showed the circular representation of those traits, with seven clusters derived from cluster analysis dividing the circle

A Simplex Model of Five DSM-III Personality Disorders

Abstract: Romney and Bynner (1989) demonstrated by means of structural equation modeling that five of the DSM-III personality disorders fitted around a circle. These five were narcissistic, paranoid, schizoid, dependent, and histrionic. In the current study the five other personality disorders—antisocial, borderline, avoidant, passive-aggressive, compulsive—were found to fit a simplex model. This model represents a linear ordering of the disorders along a single dimension. Impulsiveness, ranging from most impulsive (antisocial personality disorder) to least impulsive (compulsive personality disorder). The finding that these five disorders can be ordered sequentially according to their degree of impulsiveness is consistent with what is known about their clinical features. Furthermore, Impulsiveness may be considered to be a mixture of Neuroticism and (lack of) Conscientiousness, two of the Big Five dimensions of personality that do not define the interpersonal circumplex.

Mary Codman Peabody, Boston Conscientiousness, and "An International Episode"

Abstract: One of the factual errors that has lodged itself in James ' s biographical record has begun to take on a life of its own. Since I am among those who have inadvertently nurtured the little parasite, I would like to try to put an end to it before it acquires any more vigor. In a letter to William James dated May 1, [1878], Henry reported that he had taken advantage of the quiet Easter season \"to run down for a couple of days to the Isle of Wight and call upon our little friend Miss Peabody—a design I had entertained more or less ever since she came to England.\" He enjoyed walking on the downs with her and conversing, ' 'quite in the Boston manner.\" He found her \"nice, intelligent and charming,\" appreciated her \"native finesse and animation\" of mind, and regretted her \"thinness of nature\" and \"circumstantial crudity.\" She told James ' 'she greatly admired' ' Alice's new friend, Katharine Loring, ' 'and had always timidly aspired to know her, but thought herself unworthy\" (HJL II, 170, 172). Perhaps one of the reasons James mentioned this humbly respectful scrupulosity was that he regarded it as a characteristically Bostonian charactertrait.