Showing papers on "Current divider published in 2022"

Filtering Power Divider Design Using Resonant LC Branches for 5G Low-Band Applications

Abstract: This paper proposes an ultra-compact filtering power divider with a wide harmonic suppression band. In this design, the proposed power divider (PD) in the ideal case has 100% size reduction and an infinite number of harmonics suppression. However, in the real case, the proposed divider has a 92% size reduction and suppresses the 2nd to 45th harmonics. The small-proposed divider is designed at 0.9 GHz. The typical Wilkinson divider has two long quarter-wavelength branches. In the proposed design, new resonant series LC branches are used instead of the divider’s typical branches, leading to performance improvements in the proposed PD. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the proposed filtering PD has the best size reduction, and harmonics suppression reported thus far. The proposed divider has a filtering response with good insertion loss at the passband, which is desirable for modern communication systems.

All-Port-Reflectionless Narrowband Filtering Power Divider Topology With Generic Equations

Abstract: In this paper, a new filtering power divider topology is presented. The divider is distinguished from traditional power dividers as it is capable of having a predefined transmission response, an improved isolation performance between the two output ports over a wide frequency range, and reflectionless responses at all three ports. Since the proposed divider topology is based on complete closed-form design equations derived through a rigorous mathematical analysis, it make it possible to design reflectionless filtering power dividers with any prespecified requirements without using time-consuming parametric optimizations. For verifying the proposed divider topology, we have designed, fabricated, and measured a microstrip Butterworth filtering power divider. The proposed design approach can also be applied to the design of filtering power dividers with other transmission responses such as Chebyshev and inverse-Chebyshev responses.

Development of Broadband Resistive–Capacitive Parallel–Connection Voltage Divider for Transient Voltage Monitoring

Abstract: The on-site measurement of transient voltages is of great significance in analyzing the fault cause of power systems and optimizing the insulation coordination of power equipment. Conventional voltage transformers normally have a narrow bandwidth and are unable to accurately measure various transient voltages in power systems. In this paper, a wideband parallel resistive–capacitive voltage divider is developed, which can be used for online monitoring of transient voltages in a 220 kV power grid. The structures of the high-voltage and low-voltage arms were designed. The internal electric field distribution of the high-voltage arm was analyzed. The influence factors and improvement techniques of the upper frequency limit were studied. The parameters of the elements of the divider were determined. The voltage withstand performances and scale factors under lightning impulses and AC and DC voltages, the temperature stabilities of scale factors and the step response and bandwidth of the developed voltage divider were tested. The results show that the deviations of the scale factors under various voltage waveforms and different temperatures ranging from −20 to 40 °C are within 3%. The withstand voltage meets the relevant requirements specified in IEC60071-1-2011. The step response 10~90% rise time is approximately 29 ns, and the 3 dB bandwidth covers the range of DC to 10 MHz.

Design Theory of Equal Split Dual- Band Power Divider without Reactive Elements

Abstract: In this paper, a design approach for getting dual-band working in a Wilkinson-based power divider (WPD) without adding any reactive elements or open- or short-circuited stubs is presented. The transfer matrix approach is used to get the analytical solutions of the required design equations. Admittance representation with respect to the input and output ports is done to perform even-odd mode analysis. In this impedance of each section is kept constant but the electrical length varies. Different combinations of electrical lengths are taken such that the overall length remains constant. The electrical lengths are selected based on dual-band analysis and depend on the tuning ratio. The conditions for attaining the impedance matching are applied to the obtained design equations and hence found out the values of the matching resistors to be placed between the transmission line sections. The proposed power divider centered at 2.5GHz and 7GHz is theoretically calculated simulated and fabricated. Finally, design procedures and experiments show good agreement with theoretical simulation.

High‐performance filtering power divider based on air‐filled substrate integrated waveguide technology

Abstract: A filtering power divider based on air‐filled substrate‐integrated waveguide (AFSIW) technology is proposed in this study. The AFSIW structure is used in the proposed filtering power divider for substantially reducing the transmission losses. This structure occupies a large area because of the use of air as a dielectric instead of typical dielectric materials. A filtering power divider provides power division and frequency selectivity simultaneously in a single device. The proposed filtering power divider comprises three AFSIW cavities. The filtering function is achieved using symmetrical inductive posts. The input and output ports of the proposed circuit are realized by directly connecting coaxial lines to the AFSIW cavities. This transition from the coaxial line to the AFSIW cavity eliminates the additional transitions, such as AFSIW‐SIW and SIW‐conductor‐backed coplanar waveguide, applied in existing AFSIW circuits. The proposed power divider with a second‐order bandpass filtering response is fabricated and measured at 5.5 GHz. The measurement results show that this circuit has a minimum insertion loss of 1 dB, 3‐dB fractional bandwidth of 11.2%, and return loss exceeding 11 dB.

Equal and unequal dual-band six-way power divider with band-distinct power division ratios

Abstract: In this paper, a dual-band six-way power divider is designed with equal and unequal power division capabilities. The unequal design of the divider is capable of providing up to four different output levels at each band. Furthermore, it is capable of achieving band-distinct power division ratios. These capabilities are realized in the proposed divider by using dual-band pi-shaped impedance transformers. The S-parameters of the proposed divider are derived analytically, and its design procedure is explained in detail. Four prototypes operating at 0.9/1.4 GHz are designed and fabricated to demonstrate the divider’s capabilities. Simulation and measurements results of the four prototypes are presented. The measured output power levels of the four prototypes at each band are within 1 dB from their theoretical values. Also, good input matching (<-15 dB) is observed for the four prototypes at both bands.

Design of a Filtering Power Divider with Simple Symmetric Structure Using Stubs

Abstract: A power divider (PD) with a wide stopband and simple symmetric structure using open- and short-ended stubs is analyzed and implemented in this paper. In the proposed power divider, for the first time, the output resistor is divided into two sections and open- and short-ended stubs are used between the resistors. The incorporated open- and short-ended stubs have resulted in a controllable bandwidth for the proposed PD, which resulted in 40% of the fractional bandwidth considering 3 dB attenuation of insertion loss. The proposed PD operates at 2 GHz, which shows more than 20 dB attenuation for the return and isolation losses. In addition, the obtained insertion loss at the operating frequency is approximately 0.3 dB, which shows a minor loss, and also, high isolation is achieved in the device. Moreover, 20 dB and 30 dB attenuation levels have been achieved for second and third harmonics. The results show high performance for the proposed power divider.

A Compact Six-Port Power Divider With Two Independent Out-of-Phase Dividing Operations

Abstract: This paper presents a compact six-port power divider with simple structure that performs two independent out-of-phase divisions. The proposed power divider consists of a uniplanar ring crossover with four transmission lines for output and two feeding lines. The S-parameter matrix of the proposed power divider is derived analytically, and it is shown that the two independent out-of-phase divisions are realized when the circumferential length of the ring is one guided wavelength λg whereas conventional power dividers require a 2λg or 2.5λg ring. Two power dividers configured with striplines were designed to have -10-dB impedance bandwidths of 5% and 10% with a center frequency of 2.45 GHz. The designed power dividers were fabricated and two independent out-of-phase divisions having small amplitude imbalance were verified by measurements. Because of its compactness, the proposed power divider might be applied to the feeding network of dual-feed dual-polarized array antennas with narrow element spacing.

A One-to-Two Filter Power Divider Based on LTCC

Abstract: In order to miniaturize microwave devices in RF systems, a power divider with filtering performance is designed. The filter power divider is based on the LTCC process, and miniaturization is achieved by cascading a bandpass filter and a one-to-two power divider. The band-pass filter adopts a fourth-order comb-line structure, and the one-to-two power divider adopts an LC lumped structure. The size of the one-to-two filter power divider designed is 10mm×4mm×5mm, which is working in 3.3GHz–3.6GHz. The simulation results show that the insertion loss(S21 and S31) are less than or equal to 4 dB, the return loss(S11) is greater than 15 dB, the isolation(S23) is greater than 17 dB, and the out-of-band suppression is greater than 18 dB in 3.8–4.3GHz and 22 dB in 0–3.2GHz and 4.3–6GHz.

Reconfigurable 1:4 Wilkinson Power Divider Used in ISM Band Applications

Abstract: Many researchers have contributed to the technical developments of a variety of multistage power dividers based on the Wilkinson topology by replacing the quarter wave transmission line section with other means. It was possible to reduce the size of the power divider to a great extent but the S-parameters were largely affected. This was due to the effect of termination, discontinuties, mismatching losses and manufacturing tolerance. Amplitude and phase imbalance also contributed to destabilised performance of power dividers. The current paper presents a reconfigurable 1:4 Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with 3 sections of 2-way WPDs operating in ISM Band applications in order to work around such limitations. The simulation of the power divider is carried out with CST software which is capable of analysis of microwave circuits, and calculation of amplitude and phases of the scattering parameters can be done very accurately. The average measured values of the S-parameters are: insertion loss −6.28 dB, the bandwidth at −10 dB and the return loss is 39.69%. The output ports have no reflection, and hence, they are perfectly isolated. The surface current of the power divider has no coupling of current between output ports when port 1 is excited. It indicates that the output ports are perfectly isolated. The dimensions of the power divider are 112 × 157 mm.

Metamaterial CSRR Loaded T-Junction Phase Shifting Power Divider Operating at 2.4 GHz

Abstract: A power divider T-network requires dissimilar lengths of the two output branches if a phase difference is desired between the two output ports. This often leads to an asymmetrical structure of the power divider. In this paper, a phase difference between the two output ports of a power divider is achieved with the help of a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) structure. The T-junction divider is a three-port network. The middle port is fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line, and the other two ports are considered as an output port. A CSRR is etched from the ground plane below one of the output branches. It is observed that by adjusting the position of the CSRR structure in a company with a microstrip line, it is possible to modify the phase variation between output branches and this divider additionally having less power loss characteristics. A design prototype is fabricated in an FR4 substrate and tested at a frequency 2.4 GHz for a phase modification of about 45°. The proposed power divider is compact and simple in design and less power losses so it is easily integrated with microstrip antennas and convenient for phased array antenna design.

Compact C-band Wilkinson Power Divider in Empty Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line

Abstract: This work presents the design and manufacture process of a compact Wilkinson power divider for C-band applications, in Empty Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line (ESICL) technology. The manufactured components in this novel hybrid technology have great bandwidth performance, as well as excellent integrability and power management, in addition to low weight, volume and loss. Due to the particular topology of the Wilkinson power divider, its implementation in coaxial technology presents some practical issues to be addressed. Moreover, in order to achieve reliable measurements, a TRL calibration kit has been developed to compensate the spurious effects of connectors and feeding lines. In this way, a Wilkinson power divider in ESICL technology and its corresponding TRL calibration kit, have been designed and manufactured. Experimental results of the prototype are in good agreement with full-wave simulations.

Design of Electronically Controlled Filter Power Divider Based on Liquid Crystal

Abstract: The wireless communication system is one of the most important facilities of fuel cell hybrid power tram (FCHPT), which provides a strong guarantee for efficient and safe operation. As an indispensable part of the RF front-end of the transmitter and receiver, the miniaturization and high-performance trends of filtering power dividers are becoming evident. Based on the principle of filter power divider, a capacitor loaded power divider filter is designed and fabricated in this paper. The center frequency of the designed power divider filter is 30 GHz, the return loss S11 is less than −10 dB in the range from 29.2 to 31.6 GHz, and the insertion losses S21 and S31 are less than 5.3 dB. The frequency shift of 1.8 GHz can be achieved by changing the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal with an applied bias voltage, which can be used in millimeter wave communication system.

Design of An Equal Power Divider Using Capacitive Gap End-Coupled Lines

Abstract: A power divider with bandpass filtering Response and good wide band isolation presents in this paper. The structure realization is done with parallel tri pole capacitive gap end-coupled line resonators. Here the power introduced in the input port is divided equally among the two output ports over the frequency band of 200MHZ. In addition to this, lumped element such as resistors has been used in the proposed model. The simulation results of proposed divider yields good results. The model is designed using Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software.

An Unequal Filtering Power Divider Based on Integrated Substrate Gap Waveguide

Abstract: In this paper, an ISGW filtering unequal power divider for millimeter wave band is proposed for the first time, which consists of an integrated substrate gap waveguide (ISGW) structure, an unequal power divider and a stepped impedance resonator. The unequal power distribution part uses a coupled line to achieve high output single-ended impedance, thereby achieving a high power division ratio of 6:1. The filtering part uses a combination of complementary split resonator rings and stepped impedance to achieve better broadband filtering performance. The simulation results show that the power divider has a relative bandwidth of 22.56%, four transmission zeros of 19.6GHz, 20.8GHz, 29.2GHz and 29.8GHz, and the power distribution ratio at the center frequency of 25GHz reaches 6:1.

A Novel Planar Power Divider/Combiner for Wideband High-Power Applications

Abstract: This manuscript presents a novel wideband power divider with high power handling capability. The power handling capacity of the power divider is increased through the use of grounded 50 ohm loads. The full circuit analysis of a single section of the proposed structure is presented utilizing even and odd modes and ABCD matrices. The final designed sections are cascaded and extended to achieve a high bandwidth response for the target of X-band. The structure was designed and optimized with the method of moments based on ADS software and simulated in HFSS for 3D full-wave analysis. A prototype module was fabricated and measured for experimental validation. The simulation results were confirmed by through measurements for the frequency band of 7–12 GHz (more than 52% fractional bandwidth). A divider such as the proposed one has a significantly higher power handling capacity than Wilkinson, as well as a wider frequency bandwidth than Gysel power dividers. As a wideband high-power power divider, the proposed device is ideal for high-data rate radar or satellite applications.

A Broadband and High Speed CML Divider with Inductor Peaking in 40-nm SMIC

Abstract: High-frequency broadband current-mode logic static divider circuit fabricated in CMOS 40-nm is presented. In the proposed circuit, inductance peaking technology is utilized to improve the locking frequency and working bandwidth. The optimization strategy of frequency divider in detail is introduced, which can increase the locking range while maintaining low power consumption. The frequency divider can work in the frequency range of more than 20-54GHz, consume 6.48mw of power with a 1.2V power supply, and the core area is only 0.02mm ² .

Miniature Power Divider on Strip Lines

Abstract: Our paper describes the main points for creating a miniature quadrature power divider on strip lines. A diagram of such a divider is presented. Its characteristics are shown. The design and manufacture of the proposed microwave power divider is being carried out. Experimental work was carried out to verify the simulation results by connecting the prototype to the measuring equipment. The obtained result of design and experience is demonstrated, which consists in dipping the sizes of the power divider relative to the standard version.

Synthesis of a Ring Divider Having Small Dimensions and Weight

Abstract: An annular power divider has been designed and manufactured to provide the specified frequency characteristics – the separation of input power equally between two outputs with a phase difference of 0 or 180 degrees, depending on the input and the lengths of the segments along which the signal propagates. We managed to reduce the area of the power divider due to artificial transmission lines that have similar characteristics in the vicinity of the operating frequency of the device. Miniaturization is necessary due to the fact that devices in the standard version at low frequencies take up a lot of space on the printed circuit board. We managed to reduce the geometric dimensions of the divider by 74.5%. The experiment proved that the divider layout works and fulfills the specified characteristics.

Novel Design of Ultra Wide Band Power Divider/Combiner

Abstract: Here, an Ultra-wide band (UWB) power divider which also functions as the power combiner is presented. Combinations of the Tapered lines (Klopfenstein and triangular taper) have been used in this design for effective matching between ports. Resistors are used for better isolation between the output ports so that the power divider can also functions as the power combiner. This design achieved the bandwidth of 18.8 GHz. Across the frequency range of 1.4 to 20.2 GHz, the return loss and isolation of the output ports are better than 20 dB. These power divider and power combiners are compatible for implementation in various modern wireless communication systems and in high power applications.

Design of a four‐way out‐of‐phase wideband filtering power divider with high selectively response

Abstract: This paper proposes a four‐way out‐of‐phase wideband filtering power divider (OWFPD). By introducing a multiport out‐of‐phase topology, and a pair of multimode U‐shape slotline resonators, satisfactory wideband out‐of‐phase filtering power division responses can be easily achieved. Owing to the different standing wave distribution of the slotline, adjacent out ports can exhibit out‐of‐phase characteristic. In the meantime, decent port‐to‐port isolations are attained with the developed isolation network. Thoroughly theoretical theory and design procedure are provided to explore the operation and guide the multiway OWFPD design. For validation, one prototype is implemented. Results indicate that the new four‐way OWFPD exhibits compact size, sharp roll‐off, good in‐band isolations as well as nice phase and magnitude imbalance.

Design of Compact Power Divider for MMIC Applications Using Periodically Loaded Slow Wave Structure and MIM Capacitive Loading

Abstract: $A$ technique to further improve the compactness of a power divider that utilizes periodically stub-loaded slow wave structures is presented using shunt MIM capacitive loading. The circuit implementation challenges which include a trade-off between number of open stubs and the length of an open stub versus the distance between them is demonstrated. The improved power divider using MIM capacitive loading indicates an overall compactness of 73% compared to the conventional Wilkinson power and 65% compared to the power divider that utilizes only the stub-loaded slow wave structure at 32 GHz. The measured insertion loss is less than 0.67 dB. The power divider demonstrates the minimum measured magnitude and phase imbalance combination which is lower than 0.08 dB and 0.6 deg respectively compared to the state-of-the-art designs reported in the literature. The measured fractional bandwidth is 83%.

Design and Simulation of Wilkinson Power Divider for SCX Wideband Applications

Abstract: This paper reports the design of a power divider for high frequency applications i.e for frequencies greater than 9GHz. The Wilkinson power divider circuit was chosen to be modified to meet the chosen specifications because of its advantages over the power dividers. The circuit design mainly aims for equal power division across the two output ports of the Wilkinson power divider circuit. Power division mainly equal power division is very essential and complex to achieve at higher frequencies. And the design of such a power divider is ideal for use in high frequency applications like radar systems, electronic missiles, optical fiber systems etc. The WPD circuit mainly consists of three microstrip lines connected in such a way that it forms a three port network. Two resistors of equal resistance were placed between the ports-2&3 which ensures equal signal flow in both the directions i.e between port-2 to port-3 and vice-versa. This ensured equal power division among the output ports. All the parameters were measured using the design equations of the microstrip line. The simulation results of the circuit for the above design showed improved isolation losses, S 23 of about −12.61 dB and return losses, S 11 of −20.72dB at frequency 10GHz. The frequency range of operation obtained from the simulation results was between 3 to 13.8GHZ. Hence the bandwidth(by considering return loss, S 11 ) of the circuit obtained is ∼10GHz which is very appreciable.

Ultimate Effect of Non-Identity of Resistive Elements of High-Voltage Arm on Amplitude-Frequency Characteristic of Voltage Divider (Numerical Results)

Abstract: For the first time, the ultimate effect of the non-identity of the resistive elements of the high-voltage arm of a broadband voltage divider containing parallel-series connections of resistive and capacitive elements is considered. It is shown that the amplitude-frequency characteristic of such a divider has an anomalous rise in the region of the dimensionless frequency parameter gamma~1. The amplitude of this rise is determined in the form of a dependence on the non-identity parameter beta of resistive elements. The materials of the paper can be used for an integral assessment of the quality of voltage dividers, as well as in the theory of high-voltage insulation.

Design of Miniaturized Four-way Power Divider with Predefined Sequential Phase Difference for Antenna Feed Network

Abstract: The manuscript presents a miniaturized four-way power divider with a sequential phase difference of 90°. The proposed power divider is designed using one rat-race coupler (RRC) and two branch-line couplers (BLC). For the minia-turization three open stub conversion of a single transmission line technique with meandering has been used. A Four-way power divider for the frequency of 145.825 MHz is designed and fabricated to discuss the proposed concept. The measured result shows a low insertion loss of 6.7 to 6.8 dB at each output ports. Also, the return loss for each port is better than 20 dB. Isolation between different output ports are better than 30 dB. The measured phase imbalance at each port is not more than 3°. The fabricated circuit size is $0.265 \lambda_g \times 0.275 \lambda_g$ .

A Static Frequency Divider up to 163 GHz in SiGe-BiCMOS Technology

Abstract: This work presents a static divide-by-16 in a 130-nm SiGe-BiCMOS technology, aiming to demonstrate the technologies’ potential. A bias network followed by four divide-by-2 stages and an output buffer is designed. The DC power consumption of the first divider stage and the four divider flip flops in static current mode logic (CML) with buffer is 134.3 mW and 396 mW, respectively. The maximum input frequency of the divider is 163 GHz. The corresponding necessary input power at the divider’s bias network is 4.39 dBm. The observed self-oscillating frequency is 110.56 GHz, while the output power at the by-16 output of the divider is around -9 dBm. Moreover, a special focus is set on the accuracy of divider simulations and the influence of parasitic elements compared to measurement results.

Design and implementation of static 2:1 frequency divider based on GaAs pHEMT

Abstract: This study presents a low phase noise static 2:1 frequency divider in a 0.15 µm gallium arsenide pseudomorphic high electron mobility transisitor process. The proposed divider is based on an improved source coupled logic structure. The maximum bandwidth utilization of the frequency divider is improved up to 100% through theoretical analysis. This frequency divider with low phase noise achieves an operating frequency of direct current ~4.8 GHz for 0 dBm input, and the phase noise is −131.06 dBc/Hz@10 MHz. The chip area is 0.624 × 0.923 mm.