Showing papers on "Desalination published in 1978"

Means for desalination of water through reverse osmosis

Abstract: Water from a source is fed to a reverse osmosis unit having a membrane which divides the stream into a first permeate product and a first concentrate. The first permeate product is stored in a tank until a selected quantity is collected and then the source is disconnected from the pump which next delivers water from the tank to the reverse osmosis unit to divide the stream into a second permeate product and a second concentrate. In one version of the equipment the second permeate is processed by a different membrane than that producing the first permeate. In another version, the same membrane is used, the second permeate product is stored, and the second permeate product is later run through the reverse osmosis unit to produce a third permeate product and a third concentrate. A further version, especially applicable to processing other water sources intruded by sea water, is somewhat like the first version except only one membrane is used and a second permeate product is added to a first permeate product in a storage tank until a product of a satisfactory level of salinity is reached. The addition of the second permeate to the first permeate may be thought of as a dilution step in processing. In all versions of the system, only a single pump is used to convey and pressurize the liquids. Control of some tank-filling and tank-emptying operations is achieved by use of float-operated switches and time-delay units are associated with those switches in order to eliminate effects of sloshing on the switches.

Ion exchange process for desalination

Abstract: An ion exchange process for desalination wherein a thermally regenerable ion exchange resin having weakly acidic free acid groups and weakly basic free base groups is carbonated, for example by contact with an H 2 CO 3 solution, whereby the free base groups are converted to a carbonate form. The conversion may be effected either prior to or simultaneously with contact between the resin and the solution to be desalinated. Both fixed bed and continuous or semi-continuous resin systems are usable. The process maintains the desalination capacity at a high level while providing effective desalination.

Device for complete desalination of water

Abstract: An apparatus for the desalination of water using a mixed cation-anion exchange resin bed and comprising a cylindrical, pressure resistant tank, a disposable cartridge containing the resin and positioned in the tank and seals at the sides of the cartridge for preventing leakage around the bed; the cartridge is preferably made from a lightweight, inexpensive material such as a polyolefin plastic, i.e., polyethylene.

Desalination by very low-temperature nuclear heat

Abstract: A new seawater desalination method, Nord-Aqua Vacuum Evaporation, which utilizes waste heat at a very low temperature, has been developed. The requisite vacuum is obtained by a barometric column and siphon, and the dissolved air is removed from the vacuum by water flows. According to test results from a pilot plant, the process is operable if the waste heat exists at a temperature 7/sup 0/K higher than ambient. The pumping energy that is then required is 38 kJ/kg, or 1.5 percent of the heat of vaporization of water. Calculations reveal that the method is considerably superior economically to conventional distilling methods.

Solar heated, sea water desalination plant - using artificially cooled inclined covers on evaporation trays

Abstract: Plant comprises a tray which is transparent to light and through which the water flows at a very slow rate. The inclined transparent cover is artificially cooled; the condensate collected at its underside runs into a gutter and to a reservoir. The lower temp. of the artificially cooled cover results in a higher condensation rate and in less space requirements for a given output.

Desalination of sea water

Abstract: PURPOSE: To prevent the occurrence of blinding due to the growth of microorganisms in apparatus economically and effectively by admixture of sodium hypochlorite produced by electrolysis of the sea water into the original sea water followed by treatment using a reverse osmosis apparatus. CONSTITUTION: The sea water SW is pumped up to the storage tank 1 by the pump P 1 , then regulated its pH to approx. 6, then sent to the tank 3 for pretreatment, and then sent by pressure to the first reverse osmosis apparatus 4 by means of the high-pressure pump P 2 . The desalined sea water obtained at the apparatus 4 is sent to the second reverse osmosis apparatus 5 by the high-pressure pump P 3 and then the high purity desaline water PW thus obtained is taken out in the arrow A direction. On the other hand, the concentrated sea water C obtained at the first reverse osmosis apparatus 5 is regulated its pH partly to less than 6 by the addition of hydrochloric acid from the tank 8 and then introduced into the electrolytic bath 6 where it is electrolyzed to generate sodium hypochlorite which is in turn added to the original sea water so as to regulate the concentration of sodium hypochlorite present in the mixed sea water to 0.05 ppm. COPYRIGHT: (C)1980,JPO&Japio

Semipermeable membranes of heterocyclic copolyamides

Abstract: The invention relates to semipermeable membranes with a water absorption capacity of from 4.5 to 11% by weight, preferably from 4.5 to 8% by weight, as measured on approximately 40μ thick symmetrical films at room temperature and at 65% relative air humidity, a throughflow of 130 to 200 l/m2 d for a desalination level of 94.6 to 99.5% and consisting of an aromatic heterocycle-containing copolyamide with a relative viscosity of ≧1.4, as measured on a 0.5% N-methyl pyrrolidone solution at a temperature of 20° C.

Nickel containing materials for marine applications

Abstract: The use of materials in marine environments has traditionally been associated with ships. However, in recent years, important new industries have grown up which present new material problems. Notable amongst such industries are offshore oil production and desalination (production of fresh water from seawater). Also, requirements for large amounts of cooling water by modern industry have often resulted in siting of plants by the ocean, particularly in arid areas such as the Middle East. This has increased interest in the use of materials for handling seawater.

Hydraulic inertia centrifugal catalytic desalination device

Abstract: The present device separates salts from water by utilizing hydraulic force, the force of inertia, centrifugal force and the catalytic similarities produced by hydrogen in a process named, Desalination By The Inverse Function Of The Known "Salting-Out" Effect, which establishes differential density within the high gravity chamber of the centrifugal rotor.

Submarine desalination plant - with compact membrane assembly and light materials for ease of installation

Abstract: A submarine desalination system of sea water, based on the reverse osmosis principle, has minimum size and wt. This has been achieved by a compat membrane assembly, light materials, and by a convenient subdivision of the main functional components. This simplifies both the installation on site and the maintenance. The plant is now easier and cheaper to produce without detrimental effect on its capacity. Specifically, a pressure-tight vessel contg. a part of the desalinated water and the pump is surrounded by a hexagonal toroidal pressure-tight container for the prod. wate and linked to it by pies. Four rows of spiral-shaped membrane elements are joined by collectors on their prod. water side to the container.

Application of the Integrated Pressurized Water Reactor to District Heating and Desalination

Abstract: Oil prices have been rising significantly in recent years. The result is a steady lowering of the economic break-even point of nuclear power plants. Already, our actual oil price level allows nuclear dual-purpose plants to become efficient below a thermal power of 800 MW. Two special applications of an Integrated Pressurized Water Reactor System use the waste heat of the turbine for district heating or water desalination. An integrated system of heat pump and nuclear heat source avoids the usual transportation losses from the power plant to the compressor of the heat pumps.

Apparatus for the desalination of sea water, with automatic regulation of the fresh and salt water levels

Abstract: In a sea water desalination apparatus, the improvement consisting in the fact that the levels of sea water and fresh water in the several stages of the multistage installation are regulated by a device comprising a plurality of piezometric tubes in combination with cylindrical sleeves surrounding these tubes and having slots so proportioned as to give a preselected pressure drop.

Tensile Properties and Desalination Performance of Modified Cellulose Acetate Membranes

Abstract: The effects of annealing temperature on the mechanical properties and the desalination performance of cellulose acetate membranes have been investigated. A critical temperature T c exists at which all membrane properties change abruptly. In addition, the effects of low concentrations (10−4-10−1 mol/l) of phenol in the solution on the mechanical properties and on the water content of the membranes have been established. At the same concentration at which the phenol uptake sharply increases, a significant decline of water content and mechanical properties have been found. The results confirm close relationships between the physical properties and the desalination performance.

Sea water desalination plant - using solar convectors and evaporator to produce steam for preheating

Abstract: Solar convectors are arranged in batteries and achieve a high efficiency so that sea water can be heated to b.pt. on leaving the conveyors. The boiling sea water is atomised by slotted nozzles and injected over evaporator plates. The water vapour is extracted and condensed. The salt formed on the evaporator plates is removed by a turning device. This system uses only solar energy at a high thermal efficiency so that the operating costs are reduced to a min.