Showing papers on "Desalination published in 1992"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the potential of using renewable energy pumped reverse osmosis (RO) for ground water desalination in remote Aboriginal communities of Australia, which resulted in the development of a prototype pilot scale, low-pressure, wind-powered RO system.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of solar pond and low temperature multi-effect distillation (LT-MED) provides the lowest solar desalinated water costs, ranging from 67-88¢ depending on interest rate, local insolination, actual pond cost and performance, and are competitive with lowest cost desalined water from a fossil fueled plant, an LT-MED within an electric power cogeneration scheme, when heavy fuel (No. 6) prices are above $150-220/ton.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of structure of membranes on the desalination process of milk whey by electrodialysis and their changes in long-term desalinization have been investigated.
31 citations
TL;DR: In the early 1980's, the Chamber of Mines of South Africa Research Organisation decided to undertake research into the development of seeded reverse osmosis technology for treating scaling mine waters.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of various physico-chemical process parameters on the rate and degree of desalination of model salt solutions and the possibility to efficiently desalinate multicomponent natural mixtures.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a zero-discharge direct-contact freezing/solar evaporator desalination complex is proposed as an efficient system to reduce the environmental impact of concentrated rejected brine from sea water Desalination plants.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, experimental and theoretical advances on solar ponds are discussed using a theoretical model that involves internal and external heat and mass transfer phenomena, the temperature behavior of the solar pond is shown as a function of time.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used bromine and iodine as heat generating media for the enhancement of overall efficiency of the simple conventional basin type solar stills, and the results showed that both mediums have significantly higher efficiencies when compared with that of the conventional one.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of different process variables on the thermal performance of a multi-effect boiling (MEB) falling film desalting process is investigated and a rigorous analytical solution is first developed to interrelate the performance ratio with the different processes variables.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of brackish ground water desalting and ground water management by pumping unusable shallow ground water from an interval between the crop root zones and the usable water body at the bottom of the semiconfined aquifer was proposed.
13 citations
05 Apr 1992
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the performance of hollow fiber membrane modules with a new transverse flow module where the hollow fibers are positioned perpendicularly to the flow direction, and concluded that the application of the tr`ansverse flow modules is only attractive if the permeation resistance is mainly determined by the hydrodynamics (ultrafiltration) and not attractive if membrane permeability is the main resistance (reverse osmosis).
Abstract: The presently used hollow fiber membrane modules consist of a bundle of fibers in a cylindrical polymer or metal shell parallel to the shell axis. The feed solution flows either through the lumen or at the outside parallel to the fibers. This paper compares the performance of these modules with a new transverse flow module where the hollow fibers are positioned perpendicularly to the flow direction. For both types of modules the product costs are calculated for desalination by reverse osmosis and Dextran concentration by ultrafiltration. These calculations are based on literature data. The main conclusion is that the application of the tr`ansverse flow module is only attractive if the permeation resistance is mainly determined by the hydrodynamics (ultrafiltration) and not attractive if the membrane permeability is the main resistance (reverse osmosis).
Patent•
30 Sep 1992
TL;DR: In this article, a desalination system includes a transfer conduit between a pool of salt water and a sink of desalinated water, which is initially filled with water and is then elevated so that a portion of the conduit is above the syphon height of water at atmospheric pressure.
Abstract: A desalination system includes a transfer conduit between a pool of salt water and a pool of desalinated water. The conduit is initially filled with water and is then elevated so that a portion of the conduit is above the syphon height of water at atmospheric pressure with the open ends of the conduit submerged below the respective pools. Using solar heat to create a temperature differential in the conduit, desalinated water vapor is transferred across a partial vacuum volume formed in the conduit.
TL;DR: The special liquid-phase relationships between water, salt and certain liquid polymers permit the extraction of potable water from seawater at an approximate cost of $1 per thousand gallons as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer software based on a modified short-cut method for reverse osmosis (RO) system design has been developed and the results obtained by application of the developed software for the design of a typical RO desalting facility have been discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a tubular reverse osmosis pilot plant was investigated for desalination of mine water in the Secunda Collieries of South Africa, and the results showed that the water recovery was 70% at feed water temperatures of ca 25°C.
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimum size of evaporation (MSF, MED or VC) desalination units can be calculated in relation to the maximum required production capacity and storage capacity.
TL;DR: The use of MTMOS mixed with Rocanello E55080 and of Wacker OH to consolidate decayed porous stone and the possibilities of desalination after these treatments is discussed.
Abstract: The use of MTMOS mixed with Rocanello E55080 and of Wacker OH to consolidate decayed porous stone and the possibilities of desalination after these treatments is discussed. Reassessment of two case studies proved that desalination after consolidation is possible but not always successful. For such cases proper environmental control is advised. -- AATA
TL;DR: A historical review of membrane development and the applications of membrane technology in Southern Africa encompasses both pressure-and voltage-driven processes as mentioned in this paper, and the largest brackish desalination plant in the world had been built and commissioned.
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of feed water temperature enhancement for sea water reverse osmosis plants located in "cool sea water" areas, such as on the West Coast of North America, is discussed and the cost savings due to preheating of the feed are evaluated.
TL;DR: AFWS-40 is a tow barge comprising two desalination plants, a nuclear steam supply system, steam-turbine plant for preparation of potable water, and auxiliary and ship support system as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, three solar earth-water stills of single-sloped type, designed for producing drinking water in remote areas, have been investigated, and the results showed that condensation process inside these stills is achieved during the period between sunset and sunrise, whereas the average wall's contribution in supplying fresh water is about 56% whereas base contribution is about 31%.
TL;DR: The total production capacity of desalination plants in the Canary Islands is 212,000 m3/d as discussed by the authors, which includes MSF, VC and RO units, with different sizes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Corrosion problems experienced with different materials used in the construction of low-temperature desalination units during their early stages of operation are described in this article, where severe crevice corrosion occurred at the joints of titanium tubes and alloy 904L (UNS N08904) tubesheets.
Abstract: Corrosion problems experienced with different materials used in the construction of low-temperature desalination units during their early stages of operation are described. Severe crevice corrosion occurred at the joints of titanium tubes and alloy 904L (UNS N08904) tubesheets. Anodes, initially aluminum alloy but replaced within three to four months with iron, were installed to provide cathodic protection and neutralize acidity inside the crevices. Aluminum-brass tubes suffered impingement corrosion and were replaced with 90/10 Cu-Ni tubes
TL;DR: In this paper, the VARI-RO™ low energyrd technology described in this paper can provide lower cost water desalination, as compared to conventional technology presently being used for large scale facilities.
TL;DR: The first electrodialysis reversal water treatment system for treating high conductivity water was constructed in the City of Melville, Saskatchewan in 1990 as discussed by the authors, where the water source is a well some 100 metres deep, which had to be abandoned in the early 1960s because of iron and manganese contamination and corrosion of the well casing.
Patent•
07 Oct 1992
TL;DR: In this article, a paraboloidal mirror is used for the desalination of sea water and the energy released from the condensation is transferred to the sea water in the other passage of the heat exchanger.
Abstract: The utility model relates to a solar energy sea water desalting device which belongs to a device utilizing the solar energy for the desalination of sea water and whose main part comprises a paraboloidal mirror, a heater with a pipe extending to the outside, a group of heat exchangers, pipes, a valve, etc. When the symmetry axis of the paraboloidal mirror is in the same line with the sun, the water contained in the heater is heated to boil to generate water vapor which produces fresh water after the condensation by flowing through the heat exchangers. The energy released from the condensation is transferred to the sea water in the other passage of the heat exchanger, and the sea water is supplemented into the heater after preheated to connect the whole device for fresh water production. The desalination of the sea water by using the utility model is economical and practical.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the method for brine concentration and storage, the effects of a brine storage zone on pond operation, and the installation of an enhanced evaporation net system and an automatic scanning injection system.
Abstract: Since 1986, the 3355 m{sup 2} salt gradient solar pond facility in El Paso, Texas, has operated with a temperature difference between the upper and lower zones of 55 to 75{degrees}C while delivering industrial process heat, grid-connected electrical power, and thermal energy for the experimental production of desalted water. Because the El Paso solar pond is an inland facility, it is necessary to recycle the salt in a sustainable salt management system. A method that uses the main pond surface for initial brine concentration and short-term storage was developed after it became evident that the original evaporation pond system was undersized. This paper examines the method for brine concentration and storage, the effects of a brine storage zone on pond operation, and the installation of an enhanced evaporation net system and an automatic scanning injection system. A short description of the performance history and current status of the project is also included.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a methodology for the analysis of combined power and desalination plants as a single unit, as far as fuel efficiency, the allocation of fuels to power, and the relevant specific fuel costs for power generation and water production are concerned.