Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1986"

Dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylsulfone in the marine atmosphere

Abstract: New isolation and detection methods were developed to measure dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylsulfone (DMSO2) in marine rain and marine air masses. Central equatorial Pacific rain contained 1 to 10 µg/l of each of these compounds. Uncontaminated air sampled off Miami contained 2 to 6 ng/m³ of each component. These concentrations suggest that DMSO and DMSO2 may be as significant as dimethylsulfide (DMS) in marine sulfur transport. In fact, DMSO was observed to undergo disproportionation in illuminated seawater or distilled water to DMS and DMSO2. This latter observation implies a partially reversible loop in the sulfur transport cycle and complicates the calculation of the flux of sulfur into the marine boundary layer.

Hydraulic conductivity and clay dispersion as affected by application sequence of saline and simulated rain water

Abstract: Saturated hydraulic conductivity HC, and degree of clay dispersion DD, were determined for a sandy loam and a clay loam soil with waters of different combinations of sodium adsorption ratios SAR (5, 15, 30 and 45 mmol1/2l−1/2) and total electrolyte concentration TEC (15, 30, 60 and 90 me l−1) followed by distilled water to simulate rainwater Increase in SAR and decrease in TEC of leaching water increased DD and decreased HC of soils The HC values were more highly correlated with SAR than TEC The critical ratio of TEC/SAR of water below which the relative HC is less than the ‘hreshold’ value (ie ≦ 075) was 382 and 201 for clay loam and sandy loam, respectively taking the HC of initial soil with good quality water (SAR = 05, EC = 03dS m−1) as the reference Drastic reductions in conductivity were observed even at SAR = 5 (60–83%) when saline water was displaced by rainwater, sensitivity being greater for the sandy loam than for the clay loam; recovery was negligible when the saline water was again applied Data of EC and clay content of the effluent on application of distilled water suggested that clay dispersion, its movement and lodgement into conducting pores, may be the major cause of HC reduction in sandy loam, whereas in clay loam, surface sealing is the major cause With distilled water application HC values were governed by SAR rather than TEC of initial water used The study thus suggests that existing water quality criterion may underestimate the real soil permeability hazards from saline-sodic waters during rainfall infiltration in monsoon season

PRODUCTION OF ENRICHED β-LACTOGLOBULIN AND α-LACTALBUMIN WHEY PROTEIN FRACTIONS

Abstract: This is a process based on (1) 90% volume reduction of whey by ultrafiltration, (2) partial demineralization of the UF retentate by electrodialysis or diafiltration, (3) pH adjustment of the UF retentate before and after demoralization to pH 4.65, and (4) centrifugation of the retentate produced β-lactoglobulin-enriched fractions containing 33% of the original acid whey protein and 17% of the original sweet whey proteins. Lactose and ash impurities in the β-lactoglobulin-enriched fraction were reduced by 18% by resuspending the pellet in distilled water at pH 4.65 and recentrifuging. Diafiltration of the α-lactalbumin-enriched fraction with 2, 4 and 6 volumes of distilled water reduced the lactose and ash content of this fraction by 53%, 62% and 81%, respectively. Gel electrophoresis patterns of the two protein enriched fractions confirmed selective enrichment of β-lactoglobulin or α-lactalbumin in each fraction.

Apparatus for desalinating salt water by membrane distillation

Abstract: An apparatus for desalinating sea water, comprising a distillation unit which includes a porous hydrophobic membrane which is pervious to steam but impervious to water, and a condensation surface arranged at a distance from the membrane, the distillation arrangement also including a first unit for heating and conducting the water to be distilled on one side of the membrane, and a second unit arranged to conduct a liquid which is colder than the water, on the side of the condensation surface remote from the membrane, distilled water being collected and drawn-off between the membrane and the condensation surface. The apparatus is characterized in that the first unit incorporates a closed pipe loop (11, 12, 13) which is connected in series with the warm side (10) of the distillation unit (1); in that the second unit incorporates a closed pipe loop (14, 15, 16) which is connected in series with the cold side (11) of the distillation unit (1); in that a drainage valve (17) is provided for drawing-off water from the pipe loop (11, 12, 13), of the first unit; in that there is provided a water filling valve (20) and a pipe line (23) for drawing water from the pipe loop (14, 15, 16) of the second unit; in that the pipe loops of respective first and second units are connected together by means of a connecting line (25); and in that a heat exchanger (50) is connected to the pipe loop (11, 12, 13) of the first unit for supplying energy to the water present in the pipe loop of the first unit.

Restorative dental material

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide a restorative dental material composed of a powdery base produced by mixing calcium hydroxide to a synthetic hyroxyapatite having high affinity to living body and a liquid assistant material produced by dissolv ing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium fluoride and glycerol in distilled water. CONSTITUTION:The objective restorative dental material is composed of (A) a powdery base containing of 85-98% synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite of formula Ca16(PO4)8(OH)2, i.e. synthetic hydroxyapatite and 2-15% calcium hydroxide and (B) a liquid assistant obtained by dissolving 0.1-5% disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.01-2% sodium fluoride and 5-20% glycerol in distilled water. The material forms a protective layer which is resistant to absorption to the living body, keeps the remedying state permanently and bonds firmly with the hard tissue of the living body. It is used preferably in the form of paste by kneading the powdery base with the liquid assistant.

The Effect of Thin Insulating Layer on Heat Transfer Characteristics during Quenching of Hot Metals in Saturated Water

Abstract: This paper deals with transient pool-boiling heat transfer to saturated water from hot metals coated with a thin layer of insulating (low thermal conductivity) material. The test specimen selected for the present experiments is a silver cylinder, whose heat transfer surface is coated with a thin refractory paint. The heated cylinder is plunged along its own long axis into the distilled water pool and cooled down to the saturation temperature of water, all under atmospheric pressure. The paint coating produces a great enhancement in heat transfer since the minimum film boiling temperature becomes higher with increasing coating thickness, and since transition from film to transition boiling occurs earlier. The minimum film boiling temperatures measured agree well with the theoretical values predicted by an analytical model, in which direct liquid-solid contacts are assumed to intermittently occur in the film boiling regime.

Determination of selected azaarenes in water by bonded-phase extraction and liquid chromatography

Abstract: A method for the rapid and simple quantitative determination of quinoline, isoquinoline, and five selected three-ring azaarenes in water has been developed. The azaarene fraction is separated from its carbon analogues on n-octadecyl packing material by elution with acidified water/acetonitrile. Concentration as great as 1000-fold is achieved readily. Instrumental analysis involves high-speed liquid chromatography on flexible-walled, wide-bore columns with fluorescene and ultraviolet detection at several wavelengths employing filter photometers in series. Method-validation data is provided as azaarene recovery efficiency from fortified samples. Distilled water, river water, contaminated ground water, and secondary-treatment effluent have been tested. Recoveries at part-per-billion levels are nearly quantitative for the three-ring compounds, but they decrease for quinoline and isoquinoline.

Extraction of boron from CSSC reference soils by hot water, dilute CaCl2 and mannitol-CaCl2 solutions

Abstract: Soils were extracted by hot water, dilute CaCl2, and by mannitol-CaCl2 solutions and boron was determined by either azomethine-H or the curcumin method. Results were strongly method dependent; in particular results by the simplest method, mannitol-CaCl2, were generally lower and not highly correlated (r = 0.64) with those by the recommended procedure. This procedure involves extraction with hot distilled H2O (2:1 solution:soil), centrifugation, filtration, color development with azomethine-H and correction for background color. Extractable boron values by this procedure ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 mg kg−1. Background color can be further reduced by the substitution of 0.02 M CaCl2 for distilled water. Key words: CSSC reference soil samples, hot-water-soluble boron

Mössbauer studies of the speciation of tributyltin compounds in seawater and sediment samples

Abstract: The antifoulant agents, bis-(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO), tributyltin acetate (TBTOAc) and tributyltin chloride (TBTCI) were mixed with various media. These media included distilled water, seawater, aerobic and anaerobic sediments. The Mossbauer spectra of the chloroform extracts of the distilled water and seawater mixed with these compounds were examined. The componds were mixed with aerobic and anaerobic sediments, and the Mossbauer spectra of the sediments were also examined. TBTO was converted to the hydroxide compound in all media except in anaerobic sediment where it was converted to an unidentified compound. TBTOAc and TBTCI were not changed by mixing with distilled water and aerobic sediment but were converted to the hydroxide compound in seawater and in anaerobic sediment.

Biological availability of nickel arsenides: cellular response to soluble Ni5As2.

Abstract: Particulate Ni5As2 has been shown to be highly cytotoxic and carcinogenic. By measuring the solubility of Ni5As2 particles in a variety of aqueous solutions, we have determined that particulate Ni5As2 that might be produced during oil-shale retorting could be mobilized to the environment and made available to the cells of living organisms, including humans. Ni5As2 was five times more soluble in ground water taken from aquifers surrounding a major oil-shale source in Colorado, U.S.A., than in distilled water. It was also two times more soluble in oil-shale product water from an above-ground retort than in distilled water. Thus, it is possible that Ni5As2 could be solubilized and mobilized to the environment by the flooding of abandoned in situ retorts with ground water or by the disposal of oil-shale product water by spraying it on spent shale beds. Particulate Ni5As2 was found to be 12 times more soluble in culture growth medium than in distilled water, and much more soluble in solutions of amino acids, inorganic salts, organic constituents of culture medium, and 15% calf serum. These observations suggest Ni5As2 particles in airborne dust would be dissolved when they came in contact with the biological fluids of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. The availability to cells of the soluble products of Ni5As2 was demonstrated by measuring its effects on cell proliferation. As little as 1 ppm soluble Ni5As2 retarded Chinese hamster (CHO) cell proliferation in culture, and 4 ppm resulted in cell death. Flow cytometry measurements indicated there was a preferential cytotoxic effect on S-phase cells. Despite this, many cells survived to form colonies, causing concern that Ni5As2 might cause genetic damage that could be passed on to future cell generations. This did not appear to be the case, however, for no mutations could be detected at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in cells that survived the cytotoxic effects. This suggests that Ni5As2 carcinogenesis might be caused by epigenetic rather than mutagenic mechanisms.

pH determinations on the surface of luting cements. I. A test method.

Abstract: The pH changes of small amounts of test solutions which were in contact with luting cement surfaces during setting were determined using a flat combination electrode. The effects of 1) time intervals between the start of mixing and water contact, 2) different compositions of test solutions and 3) different types of filter were examined. The results showed that the initial rate of pH change for each cement became slower as the time interval between start of mixing and water contact increased. Polycarboxylate cement was the least acidic and showed the highest neutralization rate for each test solution. For both NaHCO3 solution and human saliva, the initial rate of pH change of each cement was lower than that for other test solutions such distilled water, NaCl solution and albumin solution. Additionally, the pH change of the test solution varied with the type of filter placed between the cement surface and the pH-sensitive surface of the electrode.

Absorption of sodium pentobarbital by three types of activated charcoal.

Abstract: The in vitro adsorption of sodium pentobarbital by activated charcoal (USP), Darco G-60 and SuperChar was studied. Various solutions of sodium pentobarbital, ranging in concentration from 2.5 to 10 mg/ml (pH = 9), were prepared in distilled water. Radiolabeled (14C) sodium pentobarbital was added to serve as a concentration marker. Two millimeters of each solution was added to from 5 to 350 mg of each charcoal in a test tube. The resulting charcoal-drug slurries were mixed thoroughly and incubated at 37 C for 10 min. Analysis of supernatant allowed calculation of percentage of drug bound. Plots of percentage of drug bound vs log quantity of charcoal necessary to bind 50% of the drug (B-50) were constructed. B-50 was lowest for SuperChar (indicating highest binding capacity), followed by USP and Darco G-60 activated charcoals. In a second series of experiments, drug adsorption was determined at various pH's, or when sodium pentobarbital was dissolved in various volumes of distilled water. Adsorption of the drug from solutions buffered at pH 8.1, 9, 9.7, 11 and 12 did not differ from adsorption in aqueous solution. Adsorption of sodium pentobarbital by 50 or 100 mg of each charcoal did not change when 5 mg of the drug was dissolved in 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 ml of water. The results suggest that sodium pentobarbital is most readily adsorbed by SuperChar under all conditions studied, followed by USP and Darco G-60 activated charcoals. Changes in pH, or in the initial mixture volume, did not influence the degree of drug adsorption to activated charcoal.

The effect of prior exposure on sodium uptake in tadpoles exposed to low pH water

Abstract: Bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) were pre-exposed (7d) to 5 different solutions which varied in ionic composition and pH. Unidirectional sodium influx was then measured over a range of sodium concentrations (50–2000 μM) and at 2 pH's (4.0 and 5.8). Tadpoles pre-treated in either distilled water or pH 4.0 soft water exhibited higher sodium influx than animals pre-treated in pH 5.8 soft water. Pre-exposure to solutions high in calcium or sodium reduced sodium influx. Tadpoles pre-treated in pH 4.0 soft water exhibited an increasedV max for sodium transport, whileK m was unchanged relative to tadpoles pre-treated in pH 5.8 soft water. In contrast,K m was increased andV max was unchanged in tadpoles pre-exposed to high concentrations of calcium or sodium. Within each pre-exposure treatment, influx was inhibited in pH 4.0 test water relative to pH 5.8 test water. However, the magnitude of inhibition was lessened with increasing external concentrations of sodium.

Method and apparatus for treating photographic processing wastes

Abstract: PURPOSE: To enable distilled liquid to be obtained by heating waste water and cooling the vapor produced by evaporating it. CONSTITUTION: The photographic processing waste water overflowing from the photographic processing bath of an automatic developing machine is stored in a stock tank, this volume and/or the volume of the photographic processing waste water in the processing means are detected, and the waste water is fed from the stock tank to a treating means in accordance with the obtained information. The waste water is evaporated with a heating means to concentrate the waste water or to dry it up, the vapor is condensed with a cooler, and to reuse the distilled water for the photographic processing process. COPYRIGHT: (C)1987,JPO&Japio

Water Permeation through Elastomer Laminates, II. SBR/EPDM

Abstract: In summary, the measurements described here suggest that the temperature dependence of permeation rate had an Arrhenius behavior. Activation energies fall within the range expected for those membranes that follow activated transport mechanism. For all single elastomers, salt water exhibited higher permeation rates than did distilled water. The laminates show a directional behavior but more distinctly for distilled water than for salt water. Solubility data alone cannot, however, always account for this phenomenon.

Manufacture of negative plate for lead storage battery

Abstract: PURPOSE:To increase the cycle life of a negative plate for a lead storage battery during rapid charging by using a negative active material prepared by making a lignin compound to be adsorbed by an adsorptive such as barium sulfate and then adding the prepared material to a kneaded mixture composed of a lead powder, sulfuric acid and water. CONSTITUTION:After sodium ligninsulfonate is added to distilled water to prepare a saturated solution, a substrate which adsorbs a lignin compound such as barium sulfate, silica or alumina is added to the solution. Then, the prepared mixture is added to a usual negative paste prepared by kneading a lead powder, sulfuric acid and water together. After that, this paste is applied to a current- collecting grid and then the thus formed body is dried, aged and formed, thereby making a negative plate for a lead storage battery. Due to a high content of the lignin compound in the negative plate, the specific surface area of the negative active material is increased thereby achieving increased discharge capacity. Furthermore, the liquid electrolyte is prevented from flowing out due to air bubbles during charging, thereby achieving extended cycle life.

Underwater water sampler

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent water layers of different water quality from mixing with each other and perform secure sampling by allowing water in a water layer to enter a container through an intake outlet only when an underwater pump operates, and inhibiting it to enter or exit from the container when the pump stops CONSTITUTION:The manual valve 11 of a water sampler is closed for sedimentation When the water layer attains to specific depth and the underwater pump 8 is put in operation through remote control, the water in the water layer enters the container 1 from the intake outlet 2 through a check valve and an intake pipe 3 When the container 1 is filled with sampling water and the underwater pump 8 is stopped, no water flows out of the container 1 through the operation of the check valve 4 Then, the water sampler is floated and the manual valve 7 is opened to move the sampling water from the container 1 to another container Thus, the container is sealed except during the water sampling, so water in a different water layer is prevented from mixing and secure sampling is carried out Further, the container 1 is filled with distilled water and the sampling water is substituted with it, so that the mixture of different water quality is further prevented

Simplified distilled water producing device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To produce easily pure distilled water contg. no harmful bacteria without reducing the production capacity of distilled water even when the titled device is operated for a long time by arranging a vessel for contg. water on a heater and arranging a cooling and collecting device above the vessel. CONSTITUTION:A vessel 3 for contg. water is arranged on a heater 1 and a cooling and collecting device 8 provided with an inner wall surface 4 on which pure water obtained by condensation of steam flows down, a trough 5 for collecting water flowing down on the inner wall at the lower part of the inner wall surface 4, a drain pipe 6 for leading the pure water collected by the trough 5 into a collecting vessel 12 and a cooling part 7 for condensing the steam is arranged above the vessel 3. By using this simplified distilled water producing device, the production capacity of distilled water is not decreased even when the device is operated for a long time and pure distilled water contg. no harmful bacteria can be produced comparatively easily.

The Effect of Leaf Water Variables on Ice Nucleating Pseudomonas syringae in Beans

Abstract: Pinto bean seedlings 'UI 114' (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were subjected to temperatures between – 2° and – 5°C for periods ranging from 0.5 to 12 hr. The plants that were not sprayed with a suspension of the nucleating Pseudomonas syringae bacteria and those that were water-stressed to near wilting were most resistant to ice nucleation. Plants with dry leaf surfaces were much more apt to supercool than those with distilled water droplets on their leaves, whether inoculated with the bacteria or not. Spraying the freeze-dried bacteria suspended in distilled water on the leaves increased wettability and dew formation on the leaf surfaces. Tests with an oxytetracycline preparation, which also increased wetting, suggested that a hydrophobic leaf surface helps delay ice formation. Use of wetting agents in leaf sprays may be counterproductive so far as supercooling stability is concerned. It is obvious that leaf water relations interact with bacterial ice nucleation.

Antioxidant dispersion for latex

Abstract: PURPOSE: The titled dispersion which is homogeneously dispersed into latex when added to the latex and effective for preventing oxidation deterioration of rubber and resin products, obtained from the latex, consisting of an antioxidant, a chelating agent, a surface active agent and water. CONSTITUTION: (A) 70W1wt%, preferably 65W10wt% based on dispersion of antioxidant, preferably phenolic antioxidant or polyhydric phenol ester of alkylthiopropionic acid, etc., (B) 10W0.1, preferably 5W0.5wt% surface active agent such as calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate, etc., and (C) 0.001W10wt%, preferably 0.01W5wt% based on the component A of a chelating agent are emulsified and dispersed into (D) water, preferably deionized water or distilled water to give dispersion. The prepared dispersion is added to latex in such a way that the amount of the component A if 0.001W10pts.wt. based on 100pts.wt. solid content in the latex. COPYRIGHT: (C)1987,JPO&Japio