Showing papers on "East Asia published in 1991"

The Logic of the Developmental State@@@Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization@@@The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism@@@MITI and the Japanese Miracle@@@Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization

Abstract: Published originally in 1990 to critical acclaim, Robert Wade's Governing the Market quickly established itself as a standard in contemporary political economy. In it, Wade challenged claims both of those who saw the East Asian story as a vindication of free market principles and of those who attributed the success of Taiwan and other countries to government intervention. Instead, Wade turned attention to the way allocation decisions were divided between markets and public administration and the synergy between them. Now, in a new introduction to this paperback edition, Wade reviews the debate about industrial policy in East and Southeast Asia and chronicles the changing fortunes of these economies over the 1990s. He extends the original argument to explain the boom of the first half of the decade and the crash of the second, stressing the links between corporations, banks, governments, international capital markets, and the International Monetary Fund. From this, Wade goes on to outline a new agenda for national and international development policy.

Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization

Abstract: PrefaceTheoretical ConsiderationsSoldiers, Bankers, and the Zaibatsu in Colonial Korea: Prologue to the FutureA Method to His Madness: The Political Economy of Import-Substitution Industrialization in Rhee's KoreaIn the East Asian Cauldron: Korea Takes OffThe Search for Autonomy: The Big PushThe Political Economy of Korea, Inc.: The State, Finance, and the ChaebolSlouching Toward the Market: Financial Liberalization in the 1980sNotesBibliographyIndex

The Social Construction of Business Systems in East Asia

Abstract: Distinctive forms of business organization have become dominant and successful in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong over the past 40 years. These different business systems reflect historical patterns of authority, trust and loyalty in Japan, Korea and China. They also vary in their specialization, strategic prefer ences and patterns of inter-firm co-ordination because of significant differences in their institutional environments, especially the political and financial systems. Similar processes exist in western societies but distinctive business systems are not so sharply bounded between nation states and cultures in Europe and North America.

On the Geotectonics of Southern China

Abstract: The tectonic nature of southern China has changed again and again in the Phanerozoic. In the Caledoniancycle, there existed three tectonic units——the Yangtze paraplatform, Indosinian-South China Sea paraplatformand Caledonian South China fold belt, of which the last unit is not a collisional orogenic belt but ascissor-shaped aulacogen-type geosyncline opening towards Yunnan and Vietnam. In the Indosinian cycle,South China belonged to the Tethyan tectonic domain, and no abyssal oceanic basin existed there. Since theLate Triassic, especially in the Yanshanian orogenic stage, it became a component part of the peri-Pacificcontinental-margin activation belt of eastern Asia. No Alpinc-type orogenic belt occurs in the interior of thecontinent of southern China.

The Political Economy of Industrialization: A Comparison of Latin American and East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries

Abstract: The paper analyses the industrial performance of two East Asian (South Korea and Taiwan) and three Latin American (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico) newly industrializing countries. It argues that the better performance in East Asia is not due simply to differences in trade orientation or the degree of state intervention, but rather to the effectiveness of intervention. This is explained in terms of the relative autonomy of the state and the structuring of the state apparatus in the two regions. The historically determined class structure and the international context led to much greater state autonomy in East Asia than in Latin America. The last part of the paper shows a number of ways in which this greater relative autonomy has contributed to rapid industrial growth in East Asia in comparison with Latin America.

The political economy of development policy change

Abstract: Introduction theoretical framework the "typical" case - Latin America (Colombia and Mexico) the "atypical" case - East Asia (Taiwan and South Korea) the "intermediate" case - the Philippines and Thailand policy conclusions.

Cyprinids of South East Asia

Abstract: South East Asia includes all of the Asian continent south-east of the Tibetan Plateau. Within this region are Burma, the Indo-Chinese and Malay peninsulas, the Philippine and Indo-Malayan archipelagos. The river systems of South-East Asia begin with the Tonkin Gulf drainages at the north-east and encompass all basins further south and continental islands of the Sunda shelf (Fig. 6.1). The region extends westward across the southern part of the continent to the Irrawaddy River of Burma. For purposes of Zoogeographic comparison, the faunas of the three areas surrounding and adjoining South East Asia will be included also. Directly west of South East Asia is the Indian subcontinent, and to the north-west is the Tibetan Plateau. North of South East Asia is Central East Asia. Comparisons with neighbouring faunas to the north and west will include all basins from the Yangtze River, the Tibetan Plateau and the Tarim basin north of Tibet, southward to Baluchistan. This chapter provides an overview of the Cyprinidae in an area where cyprinid diversity reaches its zenith. The geography and the geological history of South East Asia will be summarized first, then the faunal changes that occur from the South East Asian Zoogeographic region through to adjoining parts of Asia will be examined. Finally, interesting aspects of the biology and ecology of South East Asian cyprinids will be presented.

Is a Yen Bloc Forming in Pacific Asia

Abstract: The essay reaches three conclusions regarding the Yen Bloc that Japan is reputed to be forming in East Asia and the Pacific. (1) Although growth in East Asian countries is rapidly raising their weight in world output and trade, the statistics from the 1980s do not bear out a movement toward intra-regional bias in trade and direct investment flows. (2) There is a bit more evidence of rising Japanese influence in the region's financial markets. (3) Much of Japan's increasing financial influence takes place via a growing role for the yen in Asian countries' exchange rate policies and invoicing of trade and finance. But these trends are less the deliberate outcome of wishes on the part of Japanese policymakers than of pressure from the U.S. government to internationalize the yen.

Operators and empty categories in Japanese

Abstract: This thesis discusses empty operator movement in Japanese, with special reference to relativization and comparative deletion. Major problems discussed in this thesis are outlined in Chapter 1. Since Kuno (1973), it has been known that Japanese relativization, unlike English relativization, does not exhibit Subjacency effects. Chapter 2 argues that this difference between Japanese and English is only apparent: the gap in Subjacency violations in Japanese relative clauses is an empty resumptive pronoun: a \"last-resort\" employed when movement is prohibited. On the basis of reconstruction effects, weak crossover effects, and a restriction on the relative head, I argue that Japanese restrictive relative clauses involve movement whenever possible. It is proposed, however, that non-restrictive relative clauses in Japanese are shown to employ the resumptive pronoun strategy alone. Chapter 3 discusses comparative deletion in Japanese, which, unlike relativization, exhibits clear Subjacency effects (Kikuchi 1989) as does English comparative deletion. However, Japanese comparative deletion has a number of important properties that are not shared by English comparative deletion. It is argued that these language-particular properties of the empty operator in comparative deletion follow from more salient properties of adjectives and quantifiers in these languages. Based on important similarities between comparative deletion and numeral quantifier floating in Japanese, it is argued that Japanese comparative deletion involves movement of a floating quantifier. The lack of special morphology for comparatives in Japanese is also shown to play an important role in restricting comparative deletion with adjectives in Japanese. The present analysis has some consequences for English comparatives as well. Subdeletion in English is argued to be a special case of comparative deletion in which the comparative operator is an adverbial unselectively binding the determiner position of noun phrases.

Approaches to the Politics of Economic Growth in Southeast Asia

Abstract: The pacific rim's record of impressive economic growth over the past twenty years is now well known. While most obvious in Japan, this expansion has been striking in the East Asian Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs): Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan. But it has also occurred to varying degrees in four of the original members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. In addition to increases in overall output, each of these four economies has achieved a considerable degree of restructuring in favor of manufacturing and away from commodity production since the 1970s (e.g., Lee and Naya 1988:S134).

The inseparable trinity: Japan's relations with China and Korea

Abstract: The international order that ideally spanned East Asia when Japan was in the later Middle Ages of its history may be described as a tributary system, one in which outlying states were bound with real or fictional ties of allegiance to the "Central Country", China. The Japanese were assigned Ningpo in Chekiang Province as their port of entry into China. The Ming government made official purchases from the cargoes of the Japanese ships and also allowed the Japanese envoys and their accompaniment of merchants to carry on private trade with licensed Chinese brokers. From the 1420s, the Koreans began to develop an elaborate system of allotting the number of ships that could be licensed each year for trade by individual Japanese. In diplomatic relations, Tsushima continued to play a highly inventive role unhindered by higher authority for almost three decades.

China's economic policy and performance

Abstract: Few really new economic ideas or policies were put forward during the Cultural Revolution decade, 1966-76. China's economic strategy emphasizing machinery and steel was virtually a carbon copy of Stalin's development strategy for Russia in the 1930s. Before turning to China's development strategy in the Cultural Revolution period, one must first deal with the argument that China had no coherent strategy in the period, because the country was in continual chaos. Politics, of course, was frequently chaotic, but the question here is whether politics regularly spilled over into the economy, causing work stoppages and worse. China's basic industrial development strategy was set in the 1st Five-Year Plan, of 1953-57. In terms of sectoral growth strategies, China had made a significant move in the direction of the strategy that had proved so successful among its East Asian neighbors.

Population aging policies in East Asia and the United States

Abstract: As a result of successful efforts to reduce fertility and mortality, East Asian populations are beginning to age, in some cases rapidly. Policies in response to population aging range from attempts in Singapore to reverse it by encouraging more births to efforts in Japan to accommodate it by increasing employment opportunities for older workers. The population of the United States, which had a longer postwar baby boom, is aging more slowly than these two countries and may be able to learn from the East Asian experience with aging policies.

China-India Rivalry in Nepal: The Clash over Chinese Arms Sales

Abstract: It is the geographic fate of China and India that those two powerful and dynamic civilizations abut in the region of the world's highest mountains. The ebb and flow of their influence in the tangle of mountains and high plateaus separating Central and East Asia from the Subcontinent can be traced as far back as one cares to go. Regarding Nepal, Indian strategic doctrine traces back to 1950 when Indian leaders began to reconsider their northern frontiers on the basis of the strategic heritage passed on to them by British India, which held that the defensive frontiers of India lay in the mountain fastness of the Himalayas. In line with this, a treaty was signed between Nepal and India in July 1950 obligating both governments "to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments." Letters were also exchanged at the time providing that: "Neither Government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor. To deal with any such threat, the two Governments shall consult with each other and devise effective counter-measures."1 Indian leaders are determined to uphold the special relationship between their country and Nepal that is founded on the 1950 treaty. China views the situation in the central Himalayas differently. From Beijing's perspective, Nepal is a neighbor with which the Chinese govern-

Labor migration in Asia.

Abstract: "A recent conference sponsored by the United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD) in Nagoya, Japan examined the growing importance of labor migration for four major Asian labor importers (Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore) and five major labor exporters (Bangladesh, Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand).... The conference concluded that international labor migration would increase within Asia because the tight labor markets and rising wages which have stimulated Japanese investment in other Asian nations, for example, have not been sufficient to eliminate migration push and pull forces...."

The East Asian economic grouping

Abstract: (1991). The East Asian economic grouping. The Pacific Review: Vol. 4, Pacific Cooperation, pp. 375-382.

Competition among ASEAN, China, and the East Asian NICs A Shift-Share Analysis

Abstract: An important regional issue emanating from recent economic developments in the Pacific Rim area concerns direct rivalry among ASEAN, China, and the East Asian NICs in the import markets of developed third countries. For example, as latecomers to industrialization, China and ASEAN tend to specialize in the same labour-intensive export products, such as textiles and electrical goods. This article analyses recent trade data for the third-country market of Japan to assess the extent of Asian (China, the NICs, and ASEAN) competition. Shift-share analysis is used to measure the magnitude of Asian economic rivalry. The results of the shift share analysis suggest that ASEAN exports have suffered the most from the recent entrance of China into the Japanese market. The NICs, however, on balance performed very well in their exports to Japan, particularly with respect to manufactured products.

The demographic responses to famine: The case of China 1958–61

Abstract: Pre-1949 China was ‘The Sick Man of Asia’, ‘The Land of Famine’. In 1949 Mao brought the communists to power and in the re-ordered world, all such problems were supposedly overcome — but not so. Thirty years ago China suffered one of the world's worst famines. Over the four years 1958–61, China suffered some 25–30 million more deaths and experienced some 30–35 million fewer births than might have been expected under normal conditions. Yet for almost a quarter of a century there would be few, outside of China, who were aware of the existence let alone the dimensions of the disaster. Access to Chinese census data since the mid-1980s has permitted a preliminary analysis of the demographic impact of the famine.

Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th-20th Centuries)

Abstract: This book was written between 1981 and 1986, was first published in 1987, and has been out of print since. The Chinese version of it by Yan Bao et al., Zhongguo chuantong xiaoshuo zai yazhou, which also published in 1989, is also out of print. Since then more works especially in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Western languages have appeared which are mainly concerned with cultural exchanges between China and the countries of East Asia. Moreover a new interest has arisen among scholars from various countries on what has been termed Asian translation traditions and conferences are regularly organized on this topic. Judging from this rising interest in translation history, this book on traditional Chinese fiction in Asia, which sets the question of Asian translations into a general framework, and so far has no equivalent, is still of service to researchers.

Patterns of direct foreign investment in China

Abstract: This paper reviews the growth of the direct foreign investment (DFI) in China and identifies various constraints which need to be removed to further improve China's attractiveness to foreign investors. The paper draws extensively on reports, papers and other material available on DFI in China as well as on Bank's own experience in China and other developing countries, particularly those in the East Asia Region. As a background, a brief global overview of DFI is presented first, followed by a review of the experience in East Asian countries. Next this paper reviews the recent history and developments of DFI in China including data on its distribution by source, region, and sector, and provides information on gains from DFI to China and an assessment of trends and patterns from the perspective of China's development goals. The last chapter of this report sums up various issues in the area of policies, procedures and infrastructure, and suggests necessary actions.

China in the International System, 1918–20: The Middle Kingdom at the Periphery

Abstract: Part 1 An empire contracted in a world expanded: two families of nations, East and West problems of communication between two civilizations, East and West the collapse of sino-centrism (1) the collapse of sino-centrism (2) the "core" and "periphery" in international system a nation among the nations. Part 2 A disappointed nation at Paris, 1919: getting prepared a bone of contention an unrewarding supplication an "even break" nationalism and the May fourth movement the issue of signature absence from the hall of mirrors. Part 3 Whither China in East Asian international order: the British perspective the American perspective the Japanese perspective the Chinese perspective. Part 4 Russia breakthrough: opportunities undreamed of along the borderlands a special mission the break.