Showing papers on "Economic sector published in 1985"
Book•
31 Dec 1985
TL;DR: Riddle has written a series of essays constituting a brief for the greater recognition of the service industries as discussed by the authors, which includes infrastructure, trade services, and community services, not only contribute to employment and income but also stimulate growth in other economic sectors.
Abstract: Riddle has written a series of essays constituting a brief for the greater recognition of the service industries. Her definition of services includes infrastructure, trade services, and community services. They not only contribute to employment and income but facilitate and stimulate growth in other economic sectors. These activities, rather than manufacturing, are the key source of economic growth. Riddle supports her conclusions with a series of statistical analyses based on World Bank data. "Choice"
173 citations
TL;DR: Leontief et al. as discussed by the authors employed a Leontief input-output framework and a Divisia index of aggregate productivity growth to separate the effects of changes in sectoral rates of technical progress from changes in output composition and inter-industry flows on the change in overall productivity growth.
Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of shifts in output composition on the slowdown of productivity growth in the United States between 1947-67 and 1967-76. I employ a Leontief input-output framework and a Divisia index of aggregate productivity growth to separate the effects of changes in sectoral rates of technical progress from the effects of changes in output composition and interindustry flows on the change in overall productivity growth. Of the approximately 2 percentage point decline in overall total factor productivity growth, 17% to 22% was due to compositional effects and the remainder to other factors. T HE importance of shifts in input or output composition in explaining the recent productivity slowdown in the United States has been a source of some controversy. Estimates of such shift effects vary considerably. For example, Gollop (1982) calculated that resource shifts were actually an offset to the slowdown in productivity growth; Kutscher, Mark, and Norsworthy (1977) estimated that employment shifts had no effect on productivity growth; Thurow (1979) ascribed half of the slowdown between 1965-72 and 1972-77 to employment shifts; and Nordhaus (1972) attributed 77% of the decline from 1948-55 to 1965-71 to employment shifts. In a related paper, the possible reasons for these disparate results were discussed at length (see Baumol and Wolff, forthcoming). Briefly, these differences stem primarily from the use of different concepts and measures. Actually, three different concepts are used in the literature. The first is a " resource allocation" or "equilibrating shift" effect, which measures the increase in productivity that can result from a more efficient allocation of resources (cf. Denison (1979a, 1979b, and 1984); Norsworthy, Harper, and Kunze (1979); and Gollop (1982)). While interesting in itself, this resource reallocation effect is a somewhat limited notion, measuring the movement toward the efficient frontier instead of the outward movement of the frontier over time. The second concept is the so-called "level" effect, which assesses the effect of resource shifts on overall productivity growth by holding constant the productivity levels of the various sectors of the economy (cf. Nordhaus (1972); Kutscher, Mark, and Norsworthy (1977); and Thurow (1979)). This measure was found to be quite arbitrary, depending on the (arbitrary) choice of base year used in the computation. The third is the so-called "rate effect," which assesses the effect of shifts in resources by holding constant sectoral rates of productivity growth (cf. Nordhaus (1972); Baily (1982), and Gollop (1982)). All three authors found that the rate effect had a negligible influence on the productivity slowdown. This measure is the most theoretically sound of the three, and my measure will fall in this category, though differ in significant ways from previous formulations, and show a greater effect on overall productivity growth from compositional changes. I shall first develop a general model to measure such shifts or composition effects from a Leontief input-output framework (sections I and II). Results for the U.S. economy over the 1947-76 period will then be reported, with particular emphasis on accounting for the productivity slowdown after 1967 (sections III, IV, and V). Conclusions and a comparison with other results will be discussed in section VI, VII and VIII. I. The Standard Model Following the work of Peterson (1979), let us define: X,= (column) vector of gross output by sector at time t Y, = (column) vector of final demand by sector at time t at= matrix of inter-industry technical coefficients at time t It = (row) vector of labor coefficients at time t, showing employment per unit of output kt = (row) vector of capital stock coefficients at time t, showing the capital stock required per unit of output p,= (row) vector of prices at time t, showing the price per unit of output of each industry. Received for publication June 27, 1983. Revision accepted for publication October 19, 1984. * New York University. I would like to express my appreciation to Wassily Leontief, William Baumol, M. I. Nadiri, Mark Schankerman, Martin Baily, and Andrew Sharpe for helpful comments and to the Division of Information Science and Technology of the National Science Foundation for financial support.
112 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985
92 citations
48 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This paper examined the changes over time in public sector wages and employment relative to private sector wage and employment using data from surveys of establishments and individuals, and found that the differences in public and private sector pay vary greatly depending on the nature of comparisons.
Abstract: This paper examines the changes over time in public sector wages and employment relative to private sector wages and employment using data from surveys of establishments and individuals. The paper finds that:(1) The pay of public sector workers relative to private sector workers varies greatly over time. Contrary to the view that public sector payis inflexible, variations in relative pay are due as much to fluctuations in public pay as to fluctuations in private pay.(2) The relatively high paid public sector worker of the early 1970s has within the span of a decade lost much of his or her advantage over otherwise comparable private sector workers, seriously denting if not destroying the picture of the 'overpaid' public employee which developed in the early 1970s.The group of public sector workers who tend to be most highly paid in the U.S. relative to private sector workers are blacks and women, suggesting that the public sector discriminates less than does the private sector.(3) Differentials in public and private sector pay vary greatly depending on the nature of comparisons, with for example Current Populations Survey comparisons of individuals with similar broad human capital showing federal employees to be higher paid than private employees and Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys of wage rates in particular occupations showing federal workers to be lower paid.(4) Public sector employment follows a very different pattern of change than private sector employment. It has smaller annual variation, and moves counter cyclically rather than cyclically. In terms of demographic composition the public sector employs relatively more blacks and women than the private sector.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop pricing rules for a public sector subject to a budget constraint, in an economy where the private sector experiences Keynesian unemployment (excess supply of labour and of commodities).
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the consequences of these events for the self-image, leadership and personnel management within the public sector, and suggest that a vicious circle has been formed: as long as the public sectors is evaluated on the basis of criteria taken from the private sector, there is no room for improvements.
37 citations
TL;DR: Gawthrop as discussed by the authors argues that the traditional design of discrete organizations and traditional conceptions of our federal systems are not adequate to today's patterns of interorganizational and intergovernmental relations and suggests the need for a new sense of purpose in public administration.
Abstract: To paraphrase Gawthrop's conception of our contemporary dilemma, public administrators are facing an organizational crisis brought on by the overloading of their lines of communication as a result of the variety of demands placed upon them by increasingly complex external environments. Consistent with Shannon's work on information theory and Ashby's law of requisite variety, Gawthrop believes there is a necessity to redesign public organizations and manage them with new methods appropriate for our complex society. In proposing an approach to these challenges, he draws heavily upon general systems theory (GST). In addition, he suggests the need for a new sense of purpose in public administration, an ethical orientation that is congruent with GST and democratic theory. Readers will find the book is cast at a high level of abstraction but appropriately so for a subject of this complexity. Few will disagree with the author's premise that organizational structures and procedures based upon classical designs for discrete organizations and traditional conceptions of our federal systems are not adequate to today's patterns of interorganizational and intergovernmental relations. Gawthrop provides some fresh insights into one of the classic questions of organizational theory: how to achieve coordinated and predictable patterns of behavior from complex organizations while avoiding diminution of their adaptive capacities. Drawing upon Herbert Simon and others he related programmed operations to variety attenuation and nonprogrammed to variety amplification. Then, he offers a stimulating discussion of new organizational designs and an analysis of the distinctive roles of organizational systems for decision-making, planning, maintenance, operational delivery, and boundary spanning. Based on his analysis an array of graphic models are furnished. Collectively the models provide additional design dimensions to consider in structuring organizations much in the way that Simon, Smithberg, and Thompson discussions in the 1950s of overhead, counterpart, and auxiliary units enriched our understanding of line-staff relationships. Gawthrop is unabashedly normative in his orientation; his prescriptions range from specific new organizational designs to his call for managers with a critical consciousness and a creative awareness. The author approaches questions of meta-organizational redesign with an appreciation of the difficulties involved in sustaining essential organizational innovation and creativity. To manage the redesigned management systems he sees the need for "critical systems management." He calls for managers, "who are both rationally effective
32 citations
TL;DR: The Privatization of Corrections, a National Institute of Justice publication as discussed by the authors, has been widely cited as a seminal work in the area of privatization of public services in the private sector.
Abstract: *The author is vice president and manager of the Law and Justice group, Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is a coauthor of The Privatization of Corrections, a National Institute of Justice publication. Faced with reduced levels of federal assistance, dwindling local resources, and little public tolerance for similar cutbacks in public services, many jurisdictions have looked to the private sector to resolve the dilemma. By transferring certain functions to the private sector (trash removal, sewage treatment, fire protection, health, and even educational services), government managers have hoped to bring to public service the efficiency and vitality typically associated with successful business enterprise. At the same time, the private sector has clearly recognized the new government climate, responding to both the social responsibilities and new market opportunities posed by the demand for more enterprising public service management.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the importance of tourism to the Greek economy in terms of its impact on foreign exchange earnings and the balance of payments and examine tourism's contribution to gross domestic product, employment and other economic activity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new partnership in local economic development is proposed, which is based on the concept of local government studies (LGS) and local government cooperation. But this partnership is not yet formalized.
Abstract: (1985). New partnerships in local economic development. Local Government Studies: Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 19-33.
TL;DR: In this article, a working paper on low income urban area housing and employment creation in developing countries -covering housing needs, investment requirements, and the labour cost of informal sector residential construction, concludes that the satisfaction of basic needs depends on higher incomes.
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed that the Rural Non-Fann (RNF) sector should expand and play a pivotal role in generating productive employment and alleviating rural poverty in the region.
Abstract: The incidence of rural poverty and continued growth of the labour force in the rural areas in Asia require new avenues of expansion of employment opportunities. The limited scope of extending the land frontier for agriculture, slow growth in agricultural productivity, and the urgent need to arrest the rising tide of rural-urban migration require that the Rural Non Fann (RNF) sector should expand and play a pivotal role in generating productive employment and alleviating rural poverty in the region. The growth of the RNF sector, particularly of its dynamic and productive elements, can go a long way in widening the employment opportunities for the poor e.g. landless and small farmers, women and other disadvantaged groups in the rural society along with contributing to overall economic growth.
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the study of hierarchically organized economics is proposed, where the input-output analysis method is used to describe the interactions between the economic world level, the economic national level and the level of economic sectors.
Abstract: In this paper a model for the study of hierarchically organized economics is proposed. The input-output analysis method is used to describe the interactions between the economic world level, the economic national level and the level of economic sectors and also the interactions between the national level, the level of economic sectors and the level of subsectors or branches of industry. Perturbation methods are used to describe the weak couplings between the different levels of organization of the economic system. A method is presented to derive a master equation giving the time dependence of total production from fundamental equations governing the time evolution of the production of elementary sectors. This method is then applied to hierarchically organized economics.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an exposition of the information sector approach and discuss the need for the standardisation of the measurement of information sector is emphasised, and improvements in input-output modelling and other avenues for research are suggested.
Abstract: This paper provides an exposition of the information sector approach. Concept and measurement of the information sector are discussed in detail. Findings for Australia are reported, including so far unpublished data on the labour force employed in the primary and secondary information sector. The total information sector accounted for about 41.5 per cent of the Australian labour force and about 31 per cent of value added in 1981. More than half of all the people employed in informational occupations were employed in the secondary information sector. The need for the standardisation of the measurement of the information sector is emphasised. Improvements in input-output modelling and other avenues for research are suggested.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors state that problems in the organization and management of the electric power sector in developing countries form the primary constraint to an efficient and least cost development of the sector between now and the year 2000.
TL;DR: In this paper, the central underlying strategy is the combination of planning with the market mechanism in order to impart greater economic incentives and flexibility to the economic system, thereby raising productivity in all sectors of the economy.
Abstract: Since late 1978, when China adopted modernization as its new development objective, many economic reforms have been introduced The reforms are still ongoing, and their ultimate impact on the economy may be profound and far-reaching Initial results from the agricultural sector indicate that the reforms in the rural areas have already produced impressive results in terms of raising peasant incentives and productivity Although the reforms cover a wide area-agricultural responsibility system, tax reforms, greater enterprise autonomy, foreign investment, more free markets, and so on-the central underlying strategy is the combination of planning with the market mechanism in order to impart greater economic incentives and flexibility to the economic system, thereby raising productivity in all sectors of the economy This introduction of the market mechanism into a society that has been hitherto ideologically
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss Macroeconomics and The Agricultural Sector and Macroeconomic and Theoretical Macroeconomic Analysis of the Indonesian Agricultural Sector (MMEA). But they focus on the agricultural sector.
Abstract: (1985). Macroeconomics and The Agricultural Sector. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 51-73.
TL;DR: The rate of return to capital employed is one of the most common control and perfor Mance measures used in the private sector as mentioned in this paper, and it is often suggested that public sector enterprises, particularly statutory trading authorities, should be compelled to adopt a target rate to encourage the efficient allocation of resources by such enterprises.
Abstract: The rate of return to capital employed is the most common of the control and perfor Mance measures used in the private sector. It is often suggested that public sector enterprises, particularly statutory trading authorities, should be compelled to adopt a target rate of return to encourage the efficient allocation of resources by such enterprises. This paper outlines the problem of such a control measure for public sector enterprises. It is difficult to conceive of any single line measure of perfor Mance for control that can be adopted for a non-competitive public sector enterprise that does not risk creating more problems than it solves.