Showing papers on "Energy market published in 1996"
Patent•
10 Apr 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a program-controlled processor is used to process and store the energy information, and communicate the information via the network to all the parties, including the buyer, the energy supplier and the transmission supplier.
Abstract: A method for providing more efficient communication between energy suppliers, energy purchasers, and transportation providers and having an administrator to assist in the transmission of energy as necessary for providing timely movement of energy. The method includes the steps of connecting an energy supplier, a buyer, a transmission supplier and the administrator through a network, and providing a program-controlled processor for receiving energy information from the buyer, the energy supplier and the transmission supplier. The processor is adapted to process and store the energy information, and communicate the energy information via the network to all the parties. The method includes the steps of verifying the reliability of the transportation of energy, providing access to the buyer to the energy information stored in a data base connected to the processor to assist the buyer in negotiating for the transportation of energy, and communicating the acceptance by the buyer to the energy supplier and to the transmission supplier. The method can further include the steps of sending invoices for the transmission of energy and paying the energy supplier and the transmission supplier for the transmission.
104 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: MARKAL as mentioned in this paper is a multi-period bottom-up model of energy-environment systems characterized by the high degree of disaggregation in the representation of the energy/technology options.
Abstract: MARKAL (Fishbone and Abilock, 1981; Berger et al, 1992) is a multi-period bottom-up model of energy-environment systems characterized by the high degree of disaggregation in the representation of the energy/technology options. MARKAL computes a competitive partial equilibrium on the energy market, where the endogenous energy prices are equal to the marginal values of the energy forms, and where demands for energy services are exogenously set by scenario. MARKAL is used in more than 20 countries, many of them members of the ETSAP consortium, which operates under implementing agreements from the International Energy Agency (IEA). Recent applications of MARKAL have focused on the analysis of Greenhouse Gas emission control (Kram, 1993).
60 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate some successful programs and recommend that governments support market-oriented approaches that make the energy market equally accessible and attractive to local investors, communities, and consumers, and ideally improve access to energy for rural and poor people by revising energy pricing and by making the first costs of the transition to modern and more sustainable uses of energy more affordable.
Abstract: The energy problems of the developing world are both serious and widespread. Lack of access to sufficient and sustainable supplies of energy affects as much as 90% of the population of many developing countries. Some 2 billion people are without electricity; a similar number remain dependent on fuels such as animal dung, crop residues, wood, and charcoal to cook their daily meals. Without efficient, clean energy, people are undermined in their efforts to engage effectively in productive activities or to improve their quality of life. Developing countries are facing two crucial—and related—problems in the energy sector. The first is the widespread inefficient production and use of traditional energy sources, such as fuelwood and agricultural residues, which pose economic, environmental, and health threats. The second is the highly uneven distribution and use of modern energy sources, such as electricity, petroleum products, and liquefied or compressed natural gas, which pose important issues of economics, equity, and quality of life. To address these problems, this paper evaluates some successful programs and recommends that governments support market-oriented approaches that make the energy market equally accessible and attractive to local investors, communities, and consumers. Such approaches ideally improve access to energy for rural and poor people by revising energy pricing and by making the first costs of the transition to modern and more sustainable uses of energy more affordable.
47 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: The knowledge and competence aspects of this application are discussed, using an improved version of task analysis according to the COMMONKADS knowledge methodology and how customer knowledge can be mobilized to achieve joint goals of cost and energy savings are indicated.
Abstract: The deregulation of the European energy market, combined with emerging advanced capabilities of information technology, provides strategic opportunities for new knowledge-oriented services on the power grid. HOMEBOTS is the name we have coined for one of these innovative services: decentralized power load management at the customer side, automatically carried out by a 'society' of interactive household, industrial and utility equipment. They act as independent intelligent agents that communicate and negotiate in a computational market economy. The knowledge and competence aspects of this application are discussed, using an improved version of task analysis according to the COMMONKADS knowledge methodology. Illustrated by simulation results, we indicate how customer knowledge can be mobilized to achieve joint goals of cost and energy savings. General implications for knowledge creation and its management are discussed.
43 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In the Netherlands, the power economy is regulated under the Electricity Act of 1989 as mentioned in this paper and a new Electricity Act is to be prepared and brought before parliament in 1997 to enter into force in 1998.
Abstract: The power economy in the Netherlands is regulated under the Electricity Act of 1989. In order to prepare for future challenges posed by a deregulated energy market, the government in late 1995 published a White Paper summarizing its concepts in such areas, among others, as competition, tariffs, transmission through the country, renewable energy sources, and the use of nuclear power. In July 1996, it published a discussion paper on the same subject. A new Electricity Act is to be prepared and brought before parliament in 1997 to enter into force in 1998. As a consequence, deregulation in the Netherlands will precede deregulation in the European Union. Electricity producers will offer electric energy to the grid operator, which is run as a monopoly and will be responsible for marketing. Foreign producers and distributors are to enjoy unlimited access to the Netherlands market. In order to mitigate hardships in the introduction of the new system, there will be three steps of implementation, i.e. one each for large, medium-sized, and small customers.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal growth rate is attained at the point where energy expenditure is equal to its competitive market share, and the role of the government to make the private sector change its energy use pattern becomes important.
38 citations
01 May 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that increased annual energy use per capita is a good surrogate for the standard of living factors which promote a decrease in population growth rate, which will require the increased use of all sources of energy as cheap oil and gas are depleted.
Abstract: The world population is rising rapidly, notably in the developing countries. Historical trends suggest that increased annual energy use per capita is a good surrogate for the standard of living factors which promote a decrease in population growth rate. If these trends continue, stabilization of the world`s population will require the increased use of all sources of energy as cheap oil and gas are depleted. Improved efficiency of energy use and renewable energy sources will be essential to stabilizing population,while providing a decent standard all over the world.
15 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a framework for accurate cost determination and pricing of transmission and ancillary services in competitive electric power markets based on their anticipation of the evolving environment and industry structure.
Abstract: In this paper the authors propose a framework for accurate cost determination and pricing of transmission and ancillary services in competitive electric power markets. The proposed framework is based on their anticipation of the evolving environment and industry structure. They envision the future as a competitive energy market with a centralized control entity that coordinates system activities, prices transmission and ancillary services and controls various system resources. This control entity has control over a certain (pre-defined) geographical area. It is proposed that the system operation and control be kept as they are currently done in control centers, no major change in these functions is required for the proposed pricing strategy. The pricing strategy is divided into two main classes based on time scale separation and firmness, short and long term, firm and interruptible contracts. The approach is based on superposition of different transaction on the network, and a three-part tariff design. The charges are directly related to the impact of each transaction on the system.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the forces that have shaped energy and energy-related environmental policies is presented through the eyes of an active participant in their evolution over the past 53 years.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract An analysis of the forces that have shaped energy and energy-related environmental policies is presented through the eyes of an active participant in their evolution over the past 53 years. The problem of self-interest in taking energy and environmental policy positions is addressed candidly. The “energy crisis” is cited as an example. Its credibility depended on excessive demand projections, coupled with erroneous assessments of US and global hydrocarbon resources and of prospects for making these resources economically recoverable through technology advances. Many energy crisis proponents benefited from the misguided government response and from the large investments in uneconomic synthetic fuel technologies. Today, proponents of catastrophic anthropogenic climate change, again claiming scientific consensus, threaten to create even greater energy market distortions at large social and economic costs. The author traces his conversion to energy contrarian to the general failure of consensus and...
8 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a picture of the oil business to-day, showing the oil market as a "spaghetti junction", and the role of the state in managing the oil industry.
Abstract: One: the Resources.- 1 : The size of present and future hydrocarbon reserves.- Oil and gas reserves, proven and to be found.- Estimate of reserves to be discovered.- Exploration needed to discover the potential oil reserves.- The petroleum provinces.- The new field wildcat (NFW) as an indicator.- The number of NFW to be drilled in future.- Conclusion.- 2: Hydrocarbon production capacity.- Reserves to production ratio.- Production at maximum efficient rate (MER).- The level of crude oil (and of natural gas) production according to a demand trend.- Conclusion.- Methodology.- Two: The Development of the Oil Industry.- 3: A picture of the oil business to-day.- The oil market as a "spaghetti junction".- The actors and the figures.- 4: The "good old days".- The need to "manage" the oil industry.- Management by integration and interlocking concessions.- Why the system came to be terminated.- 5: The oil revolution.- The oil consumers and the developed oil-consuming countries.- The oil-exporting countries.- The oil companies.- An assessment.- 6: The objectives and instruments of the exporters.- Management by volume, or the short-term approach.- The oil rent.- The composition of supply.- The energy market and the consumer countries' economies.- The time-horizon of the producers.- Summing up.- 7: The countershock.- 8: Summing up the great change.- An economist's interpretation.- Some graphs.- A cyclical model.- The political angle.- The birthmarks of the industry.- The reaction.- A summing up.- The experience up to the present time.- 9: A modest proposal: a policy of interdependence. The need for consumer consensus.- The first Interdependence study.- How the situation has changed.- A structural element of the oil industry: the role of the State.- A modest proposal.- Appendix: The advantages of interdependence.- Annex 1: Definitions and Classifications.- Annex 2: Chronology of the 97 Meetings of the OPEC Conferences.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the position of co-generation in a number of countries in the European Union and in more detail the situation in The Netherlands where, at this moment, about more than 30% of the electricity production is based on co-generative.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The gas industry model of functional and services unbundling, and the elimination of the pipeline merchant function should be emulated as mentioned in this paper, and this process of learning from another is inevitable as electricity and natural gas come to be traded in a nearly unified energy market.
Abstract: Although the gas and electricity markets have their organizational and operational idiosyncrasies, the principles of a competitive market apply to both. The gas industry model of functional and services unbundling, and the elimination of the pipeline merchant function should be emulated. This process of one industry learning from another is inevitable as electricity and natural gas come to be traded in a nearly unified energy market. As their markets merge, two once-distinct industries will be come much more alike, each borrowing the best features of the other and leaving less-desirable features behind. Factors are discussed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a decentralized power load management at the customer side, automatically carried out by a'society' of interactive household, industrial and utility equipment, is discussed, using an improved version of task analysis according to the COMMONKADS knowledge methodology.
Abstract: The deregulation of the European energy market, combined with emerging advanced capabilities of information technology, provides strategic opportunities for new knowledge-oriented services on the power grid. HOMEBOTS is the name we have coined for one of these innovative services: decentralized power load management at the customer side, automatically carried out by a 'society' of interactive household, industrial and utility equipment. They act as independent intelligent agents that communicate and negotiate in a computational market economy. The knowledge and competence aspects of this application are discussed, using an improved version of task analysis according to the COMMONKADS knowledge methodology. Illustrated by simulation results, we indicate how customer knowledge can be mobilized to achieve joint goals of cost and energy savings. General implications for knowledge creation and its management are discussed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the initial stages for cost-reduction in the field of heat distribution considering the future heat market, and propose a strategy for district heating expansion oriented towards the real market and cost situation.
Abstract: The report explains the interaction between innovative technology, economy and heat market. This interaction has to be the basis for a strategy for district heating expansion oriented towards the real market and cost situation. The initial stages for cost-reduction in the field of heat distribution are discussed considering the future heat market. The combined heat and power generation (CHP) is acknowledged as a technology for the saving of resources and for a sustainable reduction of CO 2 -emission. In spite of political support no financial promotion programs are robe expected in Germany. Even a past successful program like the German »Bund-Lander-Programm« for the redevelopment of district heating systems in the new states of Germany was phased out. An expansion of district heating presupposes an innovative and market-oriented adaptation to the expected future developments in the energy market and a long term economical operation. The conceivable developments of district heating supply will therefore be determined by the dynamics of prevailing conditions (e.g. heat demand), by new markets (e.g district cooling), by technological progress and by financing instruments (e.g. contracting) and less by supporting pro grams (figure 1). The economic environment of CHP is on the one side determined by the marke price of heat supply and the realizable po wet price and on the other side by the capital costs of heat generation and espe cially heat distribution. The difficult competition situation caused by a very low price of natural gas prevents the expansion of district heating and in many DH systems the operated stock is threatened. In Germany CHP can only be commercial operated, if satisfactory high proceeds for the generated power (e.g. in a cross cooperative company) caqn be realized. The necessary rationalization efforts must itself orientate by the total cost minimum of heat distribution, so that measures . for cost reduction in laying techniques, . for rationaliza
01 Jan 1996
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of Community rules and regulations on the way in which energy sectors are organized and indeed regulated at the national level is addressed, and the reasons for the benign neglect of energy are complex and can largely be attributed to the sensitive political and economic nature of the sector.
Abstract: This paper addresses an issue which is of a certain novelty — the impact of Community rules and regulations on the way in which energy sectors are organized and indeed regulated at the national level. I have deliberately chosen to qualify the word ‘novelty’ for several reasons. Firstly, as is generally well-known, the three Treaties establishing the European Communities (the EEC, ECSC and Euratom Treaties) have, at least in theory, applied to national energy sectors since the 1950s. Nevertheless, many of the powers available to the European Commission, the institution entrusted with the role of guardian of the Community constitution, have never been fully exercised. The reasons for the ‘benign neglect’ of energy are complex, and can largely be attributed to the sensitive political and economic nature of the sector.