Showing papers on "European union published in 1991"

Micronuclei as an index of cytogenetic damage: Past, present, and future

Abstract: The workshop was designed to present what is known about the production of micronuclei, what protocols are now accepted or proposed internationally, what new results have been obtained, and what new methods and protocols are likely to be forthcoming. This report is designed to convey the flavour of the workshop and to provide the essence of the new information. After the workshop an effort was made to determine what single protocol would satisfy the requirements set for the micronucleus test by as many regulatory agencies as possible. The result, reported here, includes the requirements of six regulatory authorities in Canada, the European Economic Community, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Japan, and the United States.

Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps

Abstract: Contributors. Preface. Foreword. Part 1: Historical Background. 1. W.A. Poucher's Influence on the Early 20th Century Cosmetic Industry H. Butler. 2. Cosmetics through the Ages H. Butler. Part 2: Cosmetics For Everyday Use. 3. Antiperspirants and Deodorants P. Klepak, J. Walkey. 4. Bath and Shower Products A.L.L. Hunting. 5. Colouring Materials Used in Decorative Cosmetics and Colour Matching P. Riley. 6. Decorative Cosmetics P. Riley. 7. Dental Hygiene S. Mason, S. Hodgetts. 8. Hair Treatments F.J. Mottram, C.E. Lees. 9. Hair Shampoos F.J. Mottram, C.E. Lees. 10. Haircolourants B.P. Murphy. 11. Manicure Preparations M.L. Schlossman. 12. Men's Toiletries P. Paniccia. 13. Pressurized Dispensers J. McAllister. 14. Skin Preparations G. Abamba. 15. Soap M.J. Willcox. 16. Sun Damage and Sunscreen Preparations M. Brown, N. Fardell. Part 3: Stability and Safety. 17. Analytical Methods K. Spears. 18. Efficacy Testing of Cosmetics and Toiletries M. Roberts. 19. Emulsion Theory J.L. Knowlton. 20. Legislation and Safety Regulations for Cosmetics in the United States, the European Union and Japan P.D. Wilkes. 21. Microbiological Control of Cosmetics H. Butler. 22. Safety J.D. Middleton. 23. Stability J.S. Cannell. Part 4: Perfumes: Their Manufacture in Products and Psychology in Use. 24. Perfume and the Manufacture of Consumer Products N.J. Van Abbe. 25. The Psychology of Fragrance and Aromatherapy J.A. Graham. Index.

Routledge Dictionary of Economics

Abstract: New in paperback, the Routledge Dictionary of Economics covers every term that appeared in the hardback Dictionary of Economics , many of which have been updated in the light of recent economic scholarship. Compiled to meet the needs of students and professionals in economics, finance, accountancy and business, this wide-ranging, international Dictionary is for everyone who wants an up-to-date resource to the world of economics. Key Features * over 4200 comprehensive A to Z entries, from after-hours to z-score , provide clear, definitive explanations of the key terms, issues, theories and concepts in economics today - as well as describing the contributions of key figures in the field * each entry is headed by a short definition for quick reference, and where relevant, followed by an annotated bibliography to lead the reader to further sources * cross-referenced for ease of access * the full range of subjects is covered, from classical economics and the study of value and growth, to contemporary concerns such as European Union and Green conditionality * detailed coverage of vital econometric terms and statistics including entries such as eigenprices and M0 * includes specialised commercial and financial jargon * illustrated with 94 line diagrams * unique subject index for ease of access

Immigration after 1992.

Abstract: This paper outlines European trends in immigration and national policy regimes focusing in particular on the social rights of established immigrants; part three looks at recent European transnational measures--mostly inspired by the 1992 initiative. Finally some of the implications of 1992 for immigrants in Europe are explored. (EXCERPT)

Taxation of alcoholic beverages.

Abstract: togenous de novo and that simpler means of locoregional control are equally successful.3 The most effective adjuvant treatment is likely to be systemic agents such as fluorouracil and levamisole,4 although a significant survival advantage associated with postoperative infusion of fluorouracil into the portal vein has been found, reaching a 60% reduction in the odds of death.' Other groups have repeated this study and confirmed the reduced mortality but found it to be of smaller magnitude; many of these studies, however, were unable to show any reduction in the incidence of hepatic metastases-presumably the improved survival arose from systemic effects of the fluorouracil.6 The benefits of portal vein infusion are being reassessed in the axis trial of the United Kingdom Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research; the flexibility of the trial's design could perhaps accommodate a desire by the surgeon to resect small lesions before portal vein infusion.7

Facing the true "Fortress Europe": immigrant and politics in the EC.

Abstract: The author examines the implications for the immigrant population of the European Communitys plans for closer union in 1992. "After considering the positions that European institutions have taken regarding non-citizens political rights in the EC I trace the development of an active immigrant political role at the European level since the early 1970s." (EXCERPT)

A Performance Comparison of Continental and National Businesses in Europe

Abstract: Most observers expect Europe 1992 to enhance the performance of European businesses as they expand from a national to a continental scope. But there is little direct evidence to date of the potential gain in profitability at the business level. Using the PIMS Program database of 89 European continental businesses and 253 European single‐country businesses, this study attempts to provide evidence in this direction. The author finds that, in contrast to North America, European continental businesses were much less profitable than national businesses over the period 1972‐1987. This performance gap indicates the potential gain from the unified European market. This article examines the evidence and suggests some of the possible causes.

Milestones and Millstones: Social Science at the National Science Foundation, 1945-1991

Abstract: From the 1960s onwards, the clothing industry in the Netherlands and elsewhere in the European Union, experienced a deep crisis. Numerous went bankrupt and, even more so, workers lost their jobs. Imports from low wage countries started providing the bulk of retailers' collections. In the high wage economy of the Netherlands there seemed to be no more room for labour intensive industry such as clothing. However, in the 1980s a surprising development took place. In Amsterdam, a substantial number of new small clothing firms were established, focusing on short-cycle fashion production. Most of these firms were run by Turkish immigrants. During the 1990s, most of these firms disappeared again. At the same time the pattern of imports changed as well, with nearby countries in the Mediterranean region and Eastern Europe increasing their share of the fashionable clothing market. Migration and fashion played an important role in these processes. In this study, Stephan Raes analyses these developments and tries to explain why they occurred. He offers an elaborate multilevel theoretical framework to deal with the changes in the spatial organization of clothing supply. His analysis shows how large retailers have become the most powerful players in the Dutch clothing sector, and how the changes in the spatial pattern of clothing supply have to be understood against the changing logistics of their sourcing. The study takes us from the history of the Dutch clothing industry in the 19th century, to the detailed description of migrants entrepreneurs in the sector, and the changes in trade patterns. It focuses on the interaction of retailers with other actors in the sector, such as suppliers, consumers and governments. Finally, it takes places these developments against the background of transformations in the political economy of the Netherlands and Turkey.

Democratic Legitimacy and European Union

Abstract: a review of the EC’s institutions and functioning. Its guiding principles were that the institutions and decisionmaking should meet the ideals of accountability, efficiency and democracy. An underlying but often tacit assumption was that political action should comply with the rule of law. A principal concern rested with the notion that the nature of the EC’s democratic legitimacy required redefinition. Accordingly, this paper will address firstly, democratic legitimacy; and secondly, efficiency and accountability.

WOMEN MANAGERS IN BRITAIN – ISSUES FOR THE 1990s

Abstract: The position of women managers in Britain is addressed and the relevant issues for the 1990s are discussed. While it seems relatively easy for women to gain employment at the lower levels of organisations, it is still proving very difficult for them to reach upper middle and senior management positions. However, in view of impending demographic changes and probable European Community directives on equal opportunities from 1992, it is visualised that the next decade will provide an enormous opportunity for working women, particularly those in business and management.

Comparison of chemical permeation data obtained with ASTM and ISO permeation test cells--II. The ISO/DIS standard test procedure.

Abstract: The two main permeation test methods used in testing the resistance to chemicals of protective gloves are ASTM F739-85 and the draft international standard ISO/DIS 6529. In this investigation the two test cells were used following the test procedure proposed in the ASTM standard method in order to study whether the results obtained are comparable. Two chemicals, toluene and 1,1,1,-tricholorethane, were tested with three neoprene gloves and two specially prepared neoprene materials. The collecting medium was nitrogen gas in an open-loop system with flow rates of 60, 90 and 120 ml min-1. The breakthrough time and permeation rate at steady-state were calculated as described in the ASTM standard test method. Breakthrough times were not significantly influenced by the flow rate of the collecting medium. The steady-state permeation rate, however, showed greater variation and the values obtained can be compared only on relative bases.

The European Community Single Market of 1992: European Executives Discuss Trends for Global Marketing

Abstract: Describes a field study conducted in Western Europe with top executives and management consultants in the global public accounting and consulting firms as well as top administrators in the Commission of the European Community (EC). Respondents expressed optimism about the 1992 single market programme; they saw a “global village” developing internally in the EC and the need to develop markets and tap technologies in each of the global “triad” – North America, the EC and Japan. Marketing was considered to be the most important business function to be affected by the single market developments in the EC.

Tobacco and the European common agricultural policy.

Abstract: nasojejunal tube or (preferably) a feeding jejunostomy.334 Most likely to benefit from immediate enteral feeding are patients with a high risk of complications or of needing intensive care postoperatively. Enteral feeding is suitable for patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis provided that the feed enters the gut distal to the duodenum.35 This type of nutritional support is contraindicated in patients with small bowel anastomoses or intrinsic small bowel disease and those receiving an aortic graft. Few adequate studies have assessed the cost effectiveness of total parenteral nutrition, partly because of the difficulty in estimating the cost of total parenteral nutrition and its complications.36 37 Enteral feeding is much cheaper than total parenteral nutrition,38 and with all the evidence that it improves morbidity it is undoubtedly, in our opinion, more cost effective. The time has come for formal comparisons of enteral with parenteral nutrition in severely ill patients.

Tobacco and the European common agricultural policy.

Abstract: The common agricultural policy of the European Community subsidizes tobacco production to the tune of 1,300 million ecu a year (US$ 1,500 million, UK pounds 900 million). This amounts to 2,500 ecu ($3,100, pounds 1,700) per minute, and is more in one year than the total amount spent on tobacco subsidies by the US in the last 50 years. The purpose of this policy was to maintain farmers' incomes and adapt community production to demand. Demand for the dark tobaccos which dominate EC production has fallen, while demand for light flue cured tobacco like Virginia has risen. A complex system of production subsidies and quotas was intended to discourage production of the dark tobaccos, for which there is virtually no market, and lead to more Virginia production. The policy has failed. Expenditure has spiralled out of control, production of unmarketable tobacco varieties has risen enormously, and the EC is the world's largest importer of raw tobacco. As a result tobacco is being bought by the community for intervention storage and surpluses of the dark high tar varieties are being 'exported' to eastern Europe and north Africa at giveaway prices. There has been no effective monitoring or control of this policy. This paper explains how this has happened and argues that, in view of the health risks attached to tobacco, these subsidies should be abolished.

The Europeanization of the Alliance

Abstract: The West European security cooperation process - a conceptual assessment of Europeanization the revitalization of the Western European Union - multilateral Europeanization in the 1980s bilateral Europeanization in the 1980s - the European security triangle the Soviets and the Europeanization challenge - changing Soviet policy toward Western Europe the future of European nuclear deterrence rethinking American defence policy - toward a new alliance strategy France, West Germany and the future of the alliance the alliance and the New Europe conclusions - the alliance and the future of collective defence.

Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (Ireland) Ltd. v. Grogan: Irish abortion law and the free movement of services in the European Community.

Abstract: This Comment argues that a ban on information regarding the availability of abortion in other Member States violates the Treaty by obstructing the free movement of services. Part I of this Comment examines the provision in Community law for the free movement of services and tracks the development of laws regulating abortion in Ireland and the Community. Part II discusses Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (Ireland) Ltd. v. Grogan, in which the Court of Justice declined to address the validity of Ireland’s ban on information regarding the availability of abortion services in England. Part III argues that the Court of Justice should have taken the opportunity to pronounce that this ban on information obstructs the free movement of services in violation of Community law. In addition, Part III discusses the failure of the Court of Justice to resolve the conflict between competing fundamental human rights. This Comment concludes that by permitting the injunction issued by the Irish Supreme Court, the Court of Justice has slowed the integration of the Community.

Biological monitoring and medical screening at the workplace in the EC countries.

Abstract: Health surveillance in the work environment involves continuous biological monitoring and medical screening, with the purpose of primary and secondary prophylaxis of work-related diseases. Is this screening activity governed by a rationale based on knowledge of dangerous exposure and the availability of valid tests? In the USA, where health surveillance programmes are used extensively, a study has found screening activity to be associated more with plant size than which relevant exposure. This study was done to elucidate the character and extent of use of health surveillance in the work environment in the EC countries with the aid of a questionnaire survey. The chief medical officers of the National Labour Inspectorates supplied information on substances covered by health surveillance programme in the EC member states, together with the legislative status and numbers of exposed workers. Belgium, France, Italy and the former Federal Republic of Germany made extensive use of health surveillance programmes in cases of known exposure to metals, organic solvents, carcinogenic and genotoxic substances, mineral dust, ionizing radiation, and biological agents. Denmark and Holland ran national programmes only for substances covered by EC directives, while England, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal comprised an intermediate user group. The result suggest that the use of health surveillance is related more to the national choice of standard regulatory instruments than to relevant exposure.

The European Academy of Anaesthesiology--1992 and beyond.

Abstract: The European Academy of Anaesthesiology was founded in 1978 as a means of meeting the challenges resulting from the introduction of the Medical Directives permitting the free movement of doctors within the European Community. The Academy is a scientific forum for anaesthetists throughout Europe--not just the EC countries--and has established its own English-language journal and multi-lingual Diploma examination. It is now embarking on a system of hospital recognition linked to intraining examinations. With the help of industry and a professional communications organization, it is also exploring the production of multi-lingual educational packages. It is believed that for effective evolution of hospital practice in Europe, medical specialties need to have their own academic organizations which will develop specialist training and which are in a position to provide appropriate advice to relevant national and European bodies.

How will the single European market affect health care

Abstract: Because no one agency within the European Community oversees health no systematic evaluation ofthe likely effects of the new single markets in goods, services, labour, and capital has been made. The best we have is a list drawn up by an advisory committee to the directorate responsible for science and research. The financing of health care tops the bill. With greater economic integration will come more movement among countries: more people will receive health care from member states different from the one in which they are insured or covered by a national health service. Current regulations provide cover for immediate care-for example, during tourist visits or short stays related to work. Reimbursement is first made by a financial intermediary, according to the rules of the country providing the care, which then claims the money back from the patient's home country. Such claims refer to services in connection with health insurance, accidents at work, and work related diseases. Family members or pensioners living in states other than those in which they paid insurance premiums or taxes are also eligible for reimbursement. Some countries have agreements to waive claims. Many gaps exist in our knowledge of the extent of \"care trading\" within the community, although by the end of 1988 outstanding claims between member states were known to total 314m European currency units (ecus) (£203 * 7m).' Rules for trading in health care and more transparency in pricing and payments will be needed in the future. With longer term changes of residence people will switch social security systems, which will affect the insurance portfolios in the countries both that they are leaving and that they are joining. Already one in 40 members of compulsory sickness funds in Germany are citizens of other countries belonging to the European Community, and numbers are increasing.2 Also relevant to any consideration of health care financing is private health insurance: at least 50 million people within the community bought premiums worth 15bn ecus (29-8bn) from 775 insurance companies in 1988 (data are not available for Greece, Luxemburg, and Portugal).3 Private health insurance is used differently in member states; large changes may be expected when regulations for the insurance industry are harmonised. The advisory committee next singled out health care professionals as likely to be affected by the new single market, although the evidence here is more equivocal. Despite mutual recognition of medical, dental, and nursing qualifications among member states since the 1970s no substantial medical migration has occurred, largely because of problems with language, ignorance of relevant national laws, and other professional and cultural factors.4 These may well change with time, and trends in and determinants offuture migration deserve monitoring. The single market will also bring standardised liability regulations for medical services. A directive has been proposed to make doctors liable for defective services without requiring patients to prove any causal relation, as long as damage occurs within a year of the defective service. Current discussions focus on extensions beyond direct, causal liability. National medical organisations are becoming increasingly aware of the need to monitor new legislation having an impact on health, and the European Community's Standing Committee of Doctors is trying to increase its influence on decision making within the community.56 Large effects are expected on the pharmaceutical industry. By 1992 legislation will cover all industrially produced medicines within the community, with harmonisation of the criteria for judging their quality, safety, and efficacy (F Sauer, conference on health care in Europe after 1992, Rotterdam, 1989). Drug approval in the single market may be initiated at either community or national level. National agencies may object to decisions of other member states-these objections are then dealt with at a community level. Will drug prices, which currently vary widely among countries,78 become more similar? Reasons for current variations in prices include national differences in control measures such as taxation on drugs, regulation of pharmacists' profits, systems of reimbursement, cost sharing regulations (which should have been made public since the European Community's \"transparency directive\"), and pricing policies within the pharmaceutical industry.

Human Resource Strategies for the 1990s

Abstract: The potential implications of the European Social Charter for future human resource strategy within the UK hospitality industry is explored. Four key areas which were subject to change during the 1980s and which are likely to be affected by the proposed Community agreements are identified. This provides a backdrop against which possible results are discussed and some broad conceptual changes in strategy are postulated.

Spanish Foreign And Defense Policy

Abstract: Spanish foreign and defence policy since democratization, Antonio Marguina Spain in quest of modernization, Carlos A. Zaldivar Western perspectives, B. George and M. Stenhouse the implication of the New Western European Union, M. Clarke Soviet pespectives, Susan Clark the Iberian peninsula in Soviet military strategy, Philip Peterson the Spanish military, Rafael Banon.

Comments on Labelling Related to the Animal Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients and Products Manufactured and/or Marketed within the European Economic Community:

Abstract: The use of terms such as “cruelty-free” and “not tested on animals” in relation to cosmetic ingredients and products is reviewed. It is concluded that, such is the confusion that has been engendere...

The Europe that came in from the cold

Abstract: The current debate over expanding the policy scope of the EC in the intergovernmental conferences on political union and economic and monetary union is cast in the mould of traditional Community aims and methods of governance. But the context against which they are taking place, the new Europe, is radically differentfrom that in which the Community inheritance evolved, writes Helen Wallace. A deeper discussion of thefuture direction of the EC is necessary than is being conducted in the IGCs. If the aim is to develop the EC into a common polity, should it sweep into its orbit all the transnational policy issues of Europe, or all the European countries? Or should itform the core of the new system, with complementaryframeworks extending beyond it? Helen Wallace reports that though the IGC discussions do not begin to address these key questions, an important innovation is emerging in the discussions on a commonforeign and security policy: the possibility of constructing a more fluidly defined European Union with a personality and working methods alongside those of the EC.

Considerations Regarding the Development of Individual Non-clinical Test Strategies in the European Community

Abstract: The wish of pharmaceutical companies to be given the most binding possible preclinical test programmes for a new product, and the tendency of authorities to regulate to a great extent the preclinical testing of new drugs (especially at a multinational level), has led to differing requirements and practices in preclinical testing in different areas of the world. These differing requirements and practices have of necessity brought in their wake varying scientific criteria, with particular regard to animal protection, ethical standards, as well as imposing apparently unjustified extra financial costs. In order to improve this situation, the development of drug-specific preclinical test strategies is proposed in a drafted E. C. Note for Guidance, which incorporates already existing drug-testing guidelines and method recommendations. This draft Note for Guidance points to general methods of analysing problems and reaching decisions and thus appears to be worthy of recommendation as practical and desirable. It requires the co-operation of drug producers and supervisory authorities at a high scientific and ethical level. With regard to the state-of-the art and the socio-political background, the fulfillment of these requirements would appear not only to be appropriate but also imperative. To put them into practice would contribute enormously to the improvement of drug development and to de-emotionalization of the public debate. Therefore, comments on these draft guidelines from societies and associations are urgently sought and awaited with keen interest.

Dental licensure in the European Economic Community: implications for the United States.

Abstract: The formation of the European Economic Community is resulting in historic changes. By the end of 1992, the European Community is expected to be operating as a single market of more than 320 million consumers, the largest in the world. The fundamental assumption underlying the creation of the European Community is that the best method to increase the general prosperity is a free market. The free market included services as well as goods and required the elimination of restrictions on the movement of people, goods and services among the 12 nations. In dentistry, this has already meant the elimination of licensure restriction for dentists in good standing who are citizens of the EEC and trained in approved educational programs within the EEC, but commercial barriers still remain to be eliminated by the end of 1992. The events occurring in Europe indicate that the outcome of the controversy regarding movement of dentists among states in the United States will be determined by larger societal considerations outside of the profession. The free market principle which underlies the changes in Europe is the fundamental economic philosophy in the United States. To the extent that limitation on the movement of health professionals is seen to contribute to higher costs for health care services in the United States, there may be increased efforts to license by credentials. Similarly, factors such as the need of families for greater freedom of movement between states and court challenges based on constitutionally protected rights may determine the outcome of licensure of dentists rather than issues which are of concern within the professional dental community.