Showing papers on "Facial expression published in 1978"

Gender Effects in Decoding Nonverbal Cues

Abstract: This article summarizes results of 7S studies that reported accuracy for males and females at decoding nonverbal communication. The following attributes of the studies were coded: year, sample size, age of judges, sex of stimulus person(s), age of stimulus person(s), and the medium and channel of communication (e.g., photos of facial expressions, filtered speech). These attributes were examined in relation to three outcome indices: direction of effect, effect size (in SD units), and significance level. Results showed that more studies showed female advantage than would occur by chance, the average effect was of moderate magnitude and was significantly larger than zero, and more studies reached a conventional level of significance than would be expected by chance. The gender effect for visual-plus-auditory studies was significantly larger than for visual-only and auditory-only studies. The magnitude of the gender effect did not vary reliably with sample size, age of judges, sex of stimulus person(s), or age of stimulus person(s). The study of people's ability to judge the meanings of nonverbal cues of emotion has a long history in social psychology, dating to the second decade of this century. The first question asked was whether people could recognize nonverbally expressed emotions at all, and this was followed by the search for correlates of judging ability. Gender was one of the first attributes of judges to be examined in relation to judging ability. Gender has not always been an important variable in psychological research. In the study of nonverbal communication, however, gender was considered important from the start, because of the predictions that could be made based on gender role stereotypes and folk beliefs about "woman's intuition." Researchers of nonverbal communication have clearly felt that the comparison of males' and females' performances is theoretically

Facial Expression and Affect Development

Abstract: One of my principal aims in this chapter is to introduce a new way of looking at infants’ faces. The key to this approach is close observation and analysis of moment-to-moment changes in naturally occurring facial behavior, with an eye to discovering organized patterning both in the configuration of the facial features and in the timing and sequencing of facial movements. Beginning with a rich and fine-grained analysis of the infant’s facial behavior, we can distinguish potentially meaningful expressive movements from random facial actions; we can refine grossly defined descriptive categories; and we can be more precise in relating facial movements to the infant’s other behavioral responses and to particular stimulus situations. As a result, we can begin to specify more precisely the affective and communicative “meanings” of the infant’s facial movements, as well as changes in function and meaning with age.

The nonverbal basis of attraction: flirtation, courtship, and seduction.

Abstract: According to a familiar phrase, the "language" of love is universal. Recent ethological studies of nonlinguistic communication in courtship using facial expression, gesture, posture, distance, paralanguage, and gaze have begun to establish that a universal, culture-free, nonverbal sign system may exist (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1975), which is available to all persons for negotiating sexual relationships. The nonverbal mode, more powerful than the verbal for expressing such fundamental contingencies in social relationships as liking, disliking, superiority, timidity, fear and so on, appears to be rooted firmly in man's zoological heritage (Bateson, 1966, 1968). Paralleling a vertebrate-wide plan, human courtship expressivity often relies on nonverbal signs of submissiveness (meekness, harmlessness) and affiliation (willingness to form a social bond). Adoption of a submissive-affiliative social pose enables a person to convey an engaging, nonthreatening image that tends to attract potential mates. This report explores several conspicuous nonlinguistic cues that appear to be used widely in contexts of flirtation, courtship, and seduction. The expressive units are discussed from the standpoint of their occurence in five phases of courtship, and are illustrated by four cases.

Self-Knowledge and Emotional Development

Abstract: This example of a child, not yet 3 years old, who is able to express his emotions quite eloquently, highlights several features related to the development of emotional states. First, children prior to 3 years of age are capable of understanding at least some questions pertaining to feelings (in this case, “How do you like ...?”). Second, young children are capable of making at least limited verbal replies related to feelings (in this case, “... doesn’t taste good”). Third, children recognize that feelings have a location and that this location is inside the body (in this case, the sticking out of his tongue and the use of the word taste were an indication that the location of the feeling was inside his body, specifically in his mouth).

Hearts and Faces: A Study in the Measurement of Emotion

Abstract: Like many areas of psychological inquiry, the study of emotion and emotional development is cyclical. Relatively stagnant since the 1930s, there is currently a resurgence of interest and research in this area. As is often the case, this new research has rekindled old controversies and issues relevant to the study of emotion, in general, as well as raising many new issues pertinent to the study of emotional development. As one examines emotional responses from a developmental perspective, the traditional problems of definition and measurement take on new importance.

Cognitive and Communicative Features of Emotional Experience, or Do You Show What You Think You Feel?

Abstract: A continuing dilemma in the study of affect development is how to integrate several domains of emotional experience: (1) internal or somatic changes related to emotional experience; (2) the visible expression of affect; (3) the individual’s cognitive comprehension of the emotion-eliciting situation; and (4) the impact of emotional expression on others Each of these four areas has been investigated to varying degrees and, for the most part, as separate areas of research In the current volume, extensions to infant emotional development have been made, and several integrations across domains have been attempted (For example, Lewis, Brooks, and Haviland report on research that tries to tie together infant facial expression and internal physiological changes related to emotional experience; Decarie presents data on the expression of affect as well as on the infant’s cognitive comprehension of the situation; Campos, Hiatt, Ramsay, Henderson, and Svejda discuss infants’ internal physiological changes and their cognitive comprehension; and Emde, Kligman, Reich, and Wade report on infants’ expression of affect as it relates to impact on others)

Facial expressions of pre‐school children while watching televised violence

Abstract: Televised scenes portraying physical violence, cartoon violence, verbal violence, and non-violence were shown to pre-school children. The facial expressions of the children were videotaped while watching. The children's reactions were judged from the tape separately for each scene by raters not familiar with the films or with the children. Physical violence evoked most fear and worry. The children withdrew from scenes of verbal violence between adults, engaging in other activities. Reactions to the control scenes did not differ statistically from the totals of reactions to all the violent scenes. In reactions to the films, significant differences associated with social class, gender, and type of day care were found. Interviews supported the findings from the judgements concerning the facial expressions of emotion.

Nonverbal behavior in the classroom

Abstract: Research is reviewed on nonverbal behavior, in particular that related to the glance, facial expression, bodily movements, and personal space. Some implications for communication between teacher and students are considered and some suggestions are presented to teachers for eliminating nonverbal cues by which they may unwittingly communicate favoritism or rejection to students.

Facial reanimation in Möbius syndrome.

Abstract: The psychosocial deformity associated with total lack of facial animation (as seen in Mobius syndrome) is an extremely crippling situation. This inability to show happiness, sadness, or anger by facial expression frequently results in severe introversion and a reclusive personality. Restoration of even a minimal degree of controlled facial movement is beneficial. Recent experience in the treatment of two patients with this syndrome using both dynamic and static procedures has been most rewarding. Operating simultaneously on both sides of the face poses some problems that are different from those in teh patient with unilateral paralysis. The operative details are described, with preoperative and postoperative evaluation.

Cue Utilization in Judging Facial Expression Related to School Performance

Abstract: Summary Forty-two North American male and female first-grade children judged expression dissimilarity between pairs of schematic faces varying on 1, 4, 7, or 10 binary attributes. An individual differences analysis of the scaling data resulted in five like-perceiving subgroups of children. The subgroups were differentiated on the basis of their differential use of cues and their differential levels of academic achievement and social adjustment. Results were discussed in terms of the implications of perceptual skills in cognitive and social development. The study illustrates the usefulness of an individual differences approach for studying children's information processing.

The Phylogeny of Sign Language

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the phylogeny of sign language. Language, like every other part of culture, has had an evolutionary career, and the roots of language may be as deeply grounded in our biological constitutions as for instance our predisposition to use our hands. The chapter discusses the sign language used by animals such as chimpanzees, gorilla, pongids, and orangutan. The pongid communication is multimodal, and the hand, arm, and foot gestures by pongids are usually accompanied by significant facial expressions, glances, body positions, and body movements. In modern times, sign languages have occasionally emerged to fulfill the communication needs of one or a few profoundly deaf members in larger hearing communities. While European monastic sign languages, the complex gesture languages of South Indian dance drama, the various sign languages in use around the world in tribal and other societies, and the modern sign languages of the deaf and of the workers in specialized occupations occupy only a tiny fraction of the time span considered in the phylogenetic model, their study should illuminate much of what is now very imperfectly known about the properties and capacities of such communication systems.

Stimulus self-selection and the assessment of visual preferences in four-month-old infants.

Abstract: A self-stimulation choice technique was used to assess visual preferences in 4-mo--ld infants for slides of stimuli-depicting smiling vs neutral facial expressions. Preferential self-selection of stimuli did not occur even in the presence of preferential looking responses by infants.

Of the emotional state in man

Abstract: The facial expression of the emotions was recorded by videotape recorder. The ECG (standard lead II), respiration, and the electromyogram (EMG) of four facial muscles -- m. venter frontalis, m. corrugator supercilii, m. masseter, and m. depressor anguli otis were recorded simultaneously. The EMG was recorded by means of cup electrodes filled with electric:ally conducting paste and secured by collodion above the corresponding muscles. Changes in muscular activity were assessed in conventional units based on the area occupied by the EMG on the paper tape of the recorder. Imagining emotionally tinted events caused quickening of the heart and respiration rates and an increase in the activity of the muscles of facial expression in all subjects. The greatest increase in heart rate was observed in the first series of tests, when the subject freely and naturally expressed by his face his own emotional state (Fig. l). The smallest increase in heart rate was recorded in the third series, during mimic reproduction of a nonexistent emotion (the differences between the series are statistically significant:: P < 0.01). In their reports the subjects stated that they could not prevent emotional stress when reproducing the facial expression of a particular emotion.