Showing papers on "Feeling published in 1983"

From folk psychology to cognitive science: The case against belief.

Abstract: The average person has a rich belief system about the thoughts and motives of people. From antiquity to the beginning of this century, Stephen Stich points out, this "folk psychology" was employed in such systematic psychology as there was: "Those who theorized about the mind shared the bulk of their terminology and their conceptual apparatus with poets, critics, historians, economists, and indeed with their own grandmothers."In this book, Stich puts forth the radical thesis that the notions of believing, desiring, thinking, prefering, feeling, imagining, fearing, remembering and many other common-sense concepts that comprise the folk psychological foundations of cognitive psychology should not - and do not - play a significant role in the scientific study of the mind.Stephen P. Stich is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Maryland.

Affect and cognition

Abstract: This paper reviews my research on emotional influences on memory and judgement. First, it is found that when people are feeling happy, sad, or angry, they selectively attend to and learn more about stimulus material that is congruent with their feeling. Beyond selective attention, it is hypothesized that this congruity effect on learning arises because congruent material causes a more intense emotional reaction, and, within limits, people better remember events that are associated with more intense reactions. Second, it is found that emotion serves as a selective retrieval cue for material stored in memory in association with that emotion. People remember material best when they can reinstate the emotion they felt when it was learnt. Third, owing to this selective retrieval, emotion influences diverse cognitions and judgements: people's fantasies, their impressions of others or themselves, their forecasts of the future, their predictions about their competencies, and so on.

Feeling of knowing in episodic memory.

Abstract: Feeling of knowing judgments can be viewed as one mode of expressing knowledge of stored information. The present experiments explored the relation of the feeling of knowing to two other modes of expressing knowledge, recall and recognition, by examining how manipulations of encoding, storage, and retrieval conditions affected the relative frequency of positive and negative feeling of knowing judgments and feeling of knowing accuracy. Relative frequency of positive and negative feeling of knowing judgments, like recall and recognition, was influenced by experimentally induced changes in encoding, storage, and retrieval conditions. In contrast, feeling of knowing accuracy was not sensitive to changes in encoding and storage conditions but was affected by changes in retrieval conditions. The results are discussed with regard to methodological and theoretical issues raised by the present experiments that bear on feeling of knowing research in general.

Attributions of Responsibility to God: An Interaction of Religious Beliefs and Outcomes

Abstract: Since God is generally viewed as a personal Being in our culture, attributing responsibility to God may follow the same principles as attributing responsibility to any personal source. But, given varying beliefs in God, individual religious differences may also influence attribution. In keeping with the person attribution literature, college students were found to see God as more responsible for extremely good outcomes. But this was true only for those feeling Near God and when outcomes were unlikely rather than likely. Fundamentalists and persons Near God rated God as more responsible than did other people. Only minor support occurred for a "God of the gaps" theology. The occurrence of simultaneous attributions to God and people and the impact of beliefs on attributions suggest that the person attribution approach needs broadening.

The Socialization of Emotion

Abstract: In Chapter 6 the discussion of the socialization of emotion began with a consideration of Geertz’s (1973) proposition that emotions, like ideas, are cultural artifacts. The socialization of two feeling rules—how to express emotions and when to express emotions—was considered. The first feeling rule applies to the relationship between emotional expressions and internal states. Issues related to the elaborate display rules that govern the expression of emotions in any culture were considered as well. The second feeling rule—when to express emotions—is related to the social knowledge that accompanies the elicitation and display of emotions. Research examining what people, both adults and children, know about which emotions are associated with which situations was described.

The Effects of Appraised Severity and Efficacy in Promoting Water Conservation: An Informational Analysis

Abstract: To test Rogers' protection motivation theory and Fishbein's behavioral intention model, subjects observed one of four water conservation films which differed according to message severity (high/low) and efficacy of conserving (high/low). A questionnaire assessed the impact of the films on (1) the arguments (informational items) presented; (2) beliefs external to the films; (3) fear arousal; (4) Fishbein's mediating variables SN and Aact; (5) appraised severity and efficacy; and (6) behavioral intention to conserve water. High efficacy and low severity messages increased positive evaluative attitudes (Aact) toward conserving water. Although there was no effect for these manipulations on behavioral intention, the film groups, when compared with a control group which did not observe a fdm, showed significantly greater intentions to conserve water. These results are accounted for through an informational analysis of the beliefs affected by the films. This analysis provided evidence that feelings of citizen's duty to conserve water and concern about the water situation are closely related to behavioral intentions. This analysis did not support Fishbein's assertion of a dominant mediational role for SN and/or Aact in predicting behavioral intentions. The possible inclusion of a moral norm measure as a third component of Fishbein's model is discussed.

A Framework for Understanding Gifted Adolescents' Psychological Maladjustment.

Abstract: A framework for understanding common psychosocial problems of gifted adolescence is based on the assumptions that people want to fit into society, and people want to understand how they fit. Common problems for the gifted are: being different in cognitive development from average (out of stage), having abilities and interests which make it difficult to adjust socially (out of phase), and feeling different from others.

Patient satisfaction and the content of general practice consultations.

Abstract: SUMMARY.Patient satisfaction was measured in interviews with 81patients after their initial visits totrainee general practitioners. Increased satisfaction was found tobeassoci¬ ated with thepatient feeling understood, withthe patient actually telling thedoctor whatheorshe wanted (verbalizing therequest) andwith increas¬ ingageofthepatient. Satisfaction was not associated withpatients feeling improvement in their illness. Themainconclusion ofthis general practice study was thatencouragement of patients toexpress requests totheir doctor will result inmore effective doctor-patient communi¬ cation andan improvement indoctors' under¬ standing ofpatients' needs.

Racism and its impact on psychotherapy.

Abstract: It is necessary to deal with racial material in therapy as well as in the real world outside of therapy When this is not done, patients terminate their treatment feeling that the therapist did not understand them as patients and individuals Black therapists have heard this often from their black patients who have previously seen nonblack therapists The author does not propose that all therapy of black patients be done by black therapists but that a definite concern for racial issues should prevail in any therapeutic encounter to which a black patient brings problems related to racial prejudice and/or discrimination

Mapping the development of feelings about the city: A longitudinal study of new residents' affective maps

Abstract: Although many geographers have argued that the individual's behaviour in the environment relates as much to his feelings about this environment as they do to his knowledge of it, most empirical studies of cognitive mapping have so far not attempted to encompass such affective factors. However, the nature and development of an individuals's affective image of the city-his feelings and impressions about places--can be mapped using Wood's experimental mapping language, Environmental A, in the same way as sketch maps have been used to study the individual's knowledge of places as a 'cognitive map'. As a sample of new residents of a city developed their 'affective maps' over a period of three months, there was evidence that the main character- ization of the city had already stabilized after three weeks. The first few hours' impressions may derive from the confirmation or disconfirmation of various expectations about the physical appearance of the city; these are quickly supplanted by a new or modified set of feelings as the individual increases not only his knowledge but his involvement with particular places within the city. Although considerable individual differences in style of affective mapping were found in this study, these did not relate to indices of environmental sensitivity, or to the sex or previous mobility of the subject; nor did such stylistic differences indicate that consensual images of places failed to emerge. Rather, Environmental A proved to be a mapping language sensitive enough to measure consensus feelings about the city's different sub-areas; and it is recommended that further use is made of the language in future empirical research in environmental perception.

Burnout Among Special Education Teachers The Role of Experience, Training, and Age

Abstract: Relationships between three personal characteristics of special education teachers-amount of teaching experience, amount of training, and age—and job-related burnout are examined in this article. Data drawn from a survey of 601 teachers of exceptional children indicate that more experienced, more highly trained, and older teachers tend to experience less emotional exhaustion, less depersonalization toward their students, and greater feelings of personal accomplishment in their jobs than their less experienced, less trained, younger colleagues.

Divorced fathers: predictors of continued paternal involvement.

Abstract: The author investigated factors associated with continued involvement 3 years after divorce of fathers who did not have custody of their children. Feeling competent in the role of father, degree of involvement in child rearing 1 year after divorce, and the ease with which they were able to see their children were associated with fathers' greater participation 3 years after divorce. There was no relationship between how often a divorced father saw his children and how involved he felt in child rearing. All fathers were struggling with a sense of confusion and difficulty about their status as parents.

Emotions in Personality and Culture

Abstract: I'm delighted with the attention differential emotions theory is getting in anthropology and happily indebted to you for inviting me to do this commentary. I felt this invitation to serve as a discussant here today as a real challenge. Regrettably, I couldn't turn to the mainstream of American psychology for much help in discussing the contemporary research of anthropologists on emotion and socialization. I did find an inspirational and psychologically radical thought in philosophy. I refer to the work of Susanne Langer (1967) in her book Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling:

A Factor Analytic Study of the Relationship of Experience Seeking and Trait Anxiety to Drug Use and Reasons for Drug Use

Abstract: The relationship of measures of sensation seeking and trait anxiety to drug use and reasons for drug use was studied among a sample of 92 detained or adjudicated adolescent males in a residential detention facility. Experience seeking was found to be related to drug use in general, and especially use of “hard” drugs. Anxiety tended to be related to drug avoidance, except in the case of marijuana and alcohol use. Reasons for drug use which related with experience seeking were excitement and thrill oriented, whereas reasons associated with anxiety were related to feelings of discomfort for this sample. In general, experience seeking was a stronger factor than trait anxiety in these findings. Implications for more action-oriented and less insight-oriented treatment are discussed in light of these results.

The Racially Different Psychiatrist—Implications for Psychotherapy

Abstract: The race of the therapist can play a significant role in the manifestation of transference and counter-transference phenomena in inter-racial psychotherapy. References to the race of therapist may be the first sign of a developing transference relationship. Failure to appreciate the impact of racial difference can impede therapeutic progress while sensitive confrontation may be a valuable tool in the recognition and communication of emotionally charged feelings in therapy. Dream material is influenced by the race of the therapist who may be less easy to disguise in dreams, and the therapist may avoid certain dream interpretations because of unacknowledged discomfort about race. These observations have implications for the supervisory process in training and for the general issue of the influence of the person of the therapist on the process of psychotherapy.

[Feeling the worth of significative experiences in learning process: experiences of a nurse with two hospitalized children].

Abstract: This study describes two experiences of a nurse with hospitalized children. The first includes a description an explanation of the behavior of a child recently admitted to the hospital, based on the nurse's observations. The second experience involves the use of therapeutic play in a specific nurse-patient relationship, with observations of subsequent changes in the child's behavior. The author describes how these two experiences enhanced her ability to give and teach pediatric nursing care.

Depression and old age identification.

Abstract: Three hundred and eight Los Angeles elderly (means = 75.5 years) were selected from three settings to test empirically the relationship between psychological depression and feeling "old." Ss were administered the Symptom Checklist -90, an age identification item and several other measures of well-being. Results indicated that irrespective of age, persons who felt "older" were significantly more depressed and less healthy than their "younger" feeling counterparts. Multivariate level analysis further implicated personal meaning as a major correlate of depression. The clinical implications for working with depressed elders are discussed briefly.

Finding a Way through the Rough Years: How Blind Girls Survive Adolescence.

Abstract: The author looks back on her own adolescence and that of seven other women to give some impressions of the feelings and experiences of blind teenage girls and of their special problems with peers, ...

Shaftesbury and the Man of Feeling

Abstract: Referring to what he calls "the mid-eighteenth-century cult of the 'man of feeling,' " R. S. Crane argued that this cult owed much to "the propaganda of benevolence and tender feeling carried on with increasing intensity by the antiPuritan, anti-stoic, and anti-Hobbesian divines of the Latitudinarian school."' Donald Greene has challenged this argument in the pages of this journal,2 but neither Crane nor Greene has paid much attention to writers who might be said to exemplify this cult. Who were these men of feeling? Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling was published in 1771, and while proponents of Crane's thesis might argue that "divines of the Latitudinarian school" had prepared the public for the appreciative reception of Mackenzie's novel, Gerard A. Barker has shown that the Harleyan mode of sensibility is more adequately explained by reference to the doctrine of sympathy (or empathy) as expounded in Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) than it is by reference to the writings or sermons of divines.3 Smith's theory owes little to such writings or sermons but something to Francis Hutcheson,4 whose own ethical thought owes much to the Characteristics of the third Earl of Shaftesbury, a deist whose ethical theory owes more to Plato and the ancient stoics than it does to the teachings of Christian divines. As long ago as 1916, Cecil A. Moore had argued that Shaftesbury and his disciples were chiefly responsible for the rise of the ethic of benevolence and tender feeling during the period 1700-1760.5 But Crane, taking note of Moore's article, argued that the influence of Shaftesbury began too late to have been an important factor in "the popular triumph of 'sentimentalism' toward 1750." Yet toward the conclusion of his essay, Crane admits that the influence of Shaftesbury in this "popular triumph" was very real and very important "especially after 1725 when it was reinforced by that of his disciple Hutcheson."6 Leaving the reader to make what he can of this, I would emphasize that Crane's essay blurs the distinction between the man of feeling and the benevolent man. The former was recognized as exceptional, however admirable. Mackenzie and his readers understood that Harley was unfit for this world. His extreme sensibility set him apart from other men of benevolent temper, an Allworthy in

Suicide: bad act or good intervention.

Abstract: This article develops a different perspective on the ethics of suicide, based on theoretical and clinical grounds. In terms of value theory, applying "good" or "bad" to the suicide act makes no sense. We need to shift our focus from a search for an ethical statement about suicide (e.g., "rational suicide") to the ethical justification for intervention based on the needs and interests of an affirming therapeutic profession. We choose to intervene because of values we hold about well-functioning, existence, potential for human life; and because as emphatic, social beings, we feel for others and are motivated by that feeling. This justification leads us to suggest a situational case-centered ethics for suicide intervention.

Affiliation and Independence Issues in Marriage.

Abstract: The present study applied the affiliation-independence model of relationships to marital functioning. Twenty-five distressed couples beginning marital therapy and 25 nondistressed couples completed the LockeWallace Marital Adjustment Scale, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the Marital Conventionalization Scale, and an inventory assessing relationship problems in four specific areas. It was hypothesized that (a) an individual feeling emotionally uninvolved in a marriage is negatively correlated with his or her own affiliation motivation, (b) feeling emotionally neglected by one's partner is negatively correlated with the partner's affiliation motivation, (c) feeling controlled by one's partner is negatively correlated with one's own independence motivation and positively correlated with the partner's independence motivation, and (d) feeling confined in the marriage is positively correlated with one's own independence motivation. These hypotheses were supported in both the distressed and nondistressed samples. The ramifications of these and other unpredicted findings are discussed.

Some Theoretical Concerns about Applying Latent Trait Models in Educational Testing

Abstract: If there is one crucial problem with the application of so-called psychoJogical test theories in education (or in any other context). it is that both test deveJopers and test usersjust don 't know what they are doing. Let me give you two examples: First. we have been testing intelligence for three quarters ofa century now, but there are virtually no test psychologists who can tell what intelligence is or what they are talking about when they use the word intelligence. Still, each of us has a more or less vague feeling that this or that achievement is a mark of intelligence. Although such a feeling does not provide us with any sound terminological basis for constructing a psychological theory ofintelligence or for its assessment. it does keep us going. Why not just compare subjects

Feelings of Loss in Response to Divorce: Assessment and Intervention.

Abstract: This article presents a cognitively based model to use as a basis for assessment and intervention strategies for assisting individuals to cope with feelings of loss they may experience in response to divorce.