Showing papers on "Gauge boson published in 1969"

Unified Field Theory of Quarks and Electrons

Abstract: A unified gauge theory of quarks and electrons in which electromagnetic and strong interactions are both transmitted by the same vector field is formulated. It is argued that the theory is finite and that it is in agreement with observed electromagnetic and nuclear phenomena.

Pion gauge invariance and low-energy theorems

Abstract: Zero-mass pion theories invariant under $c$-number translations ("chiral transformations") of the pion field are studied in a general framework. The operator which induces the chiral transformation is defined in Fock space (in which it is not unitary) and in von Neumann's infinite-tensor-product space (in which it is unitary). The transformed (noninvariant) Fock-space vacuum is recognized as a coherent state in the tensor-product space. The generator of the chiral transformation---a constant of the motion in gauge-invariant theories---is diagonalized, and its eigenvectors, the "chiral states," are employed in one of two derivations of a low-energy theorem for zero-mass pion emission and absorption, assuming gauge invariance of the theory. The other method of derivation is also used to rederive the electromagnetic gauge conditions. Then Lagrangian models (gradient-coupling, $c$-number, and operator theory) are studied in which the invariance is realized provided the current is suitably restricted. Implications of the low-energy theorem are checked (exactly for the $c$-number theory, in lowest-order perturbation theory for the operator theory). A larger class of models is then considered in which, it is shown, the complicated set of transformations under which the Lagrangian is invariant reduce, by virtue of the field equations and the asymptotic condition, to a simple pion translation when expressed in terms of the asymptotic fields, and hence obey the supposition of our theorem, which we again check in lowest-order perturbation theory.

Gauge Invariance and the Born Approximation in Pion Electroproduction

Abstract: It is shown that use of the Ward-Takahashi identity for the electromagnetic vertices of the hadrons gives a more satisfactory argument than the traditional one for the addition of subtraction terms to the Born approximation of pion electroproduction.

Gauge conditions in gravitational interactions.

Abstract: The requirement of asymptotic gauge invariance in the scattering of a graviton by a spinless particle and in the annihilation of two spinless particles into two gravitons is analyzed, and it is shown that the necessary gauge conditions are satisfied by the scattering matrix elements for these processes. The scattering and annihilation cross sections for various graviton polarization states are also obtained.

The long-range self-interaction of the gauge field

Abstract: For localized non-Abelian gauge fields with positive definite energy density only the Yang-Mills current leads to nonvanishing internal charges on the classical level. The concept of a particle-like blob of gauge-field energy density is used in conjunction with a solution to the free Yang-Mills field equation at a fixed instant of time to investigate the long-range interaction of the charge-bearing field. If each blob carries only one kind of internal charge, this interaction is consistent with classical electrodynamics, supporting an asymptotic identification for the electrodynamic part of the gauge field. It is conjectured that non-Abelian gauge theory could lead to a relation between the strengths of the electromagnetic- and strong-interaction coupling constants. If the gauge field carries more than one kind of internal charge, the presence of an additional interaction not observed in experiment is indicated. It is concluded that the non-Abelian gauge field should carry only one kind of internal charge, the electric charge.

Non-local gauge fields and Zilch

Abstract: The Yang-Mills gauge theory is applied to the space-time invariance groups responsible for the conservation of Zilch, with the result that non-local interactions are forced upon the authors. In this case, if there is also an internal symmetry group present, the Yang-Mills trick yields gauge fields which transform according to not only the regular representation of the group, but also all the representations whose coupling to the original fields is allowed by non-zero Clebsch-Gordon coefficients.