Showing papers on "Glutaraldehyde published in 1982"
TL;DR: The buffered picric acid paraformaldehyde fixative has been supplemented with glutaraldehyde and used as primary fixative for the perfusion of rat brains and it is suggested that the procedure may be useful for electron-microscopic sampling of immunoreactive structures occurring infrequently over a large area or for the electron- microscopically classified neurons.
565 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that osmium-imidazole provides an excellent stain for lipids in transmission electron microscopy and that most probably it stains lipids with unsaturated fatty acids.
Abstract: The usefulness of imidazole-buffered osmium tetroxide as a stain for lipids in transmission electron microscopy has been investigated. Rat liver and other tissues were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and post-fixed with osmium-imidazole and the appearance of lipid droplets was compared with that after post-fixation in unbuffered aqueous osmium tetroxide or an osmium solution buffered otherwise. Prominent electron-opaque staining of lipid droplets and of lipoprotein particles was noted after post-fixation with 2% osmium-imidazole, pH 7.5, for 30 min. The lipid droplets appeared well circumscribed with no evidence of diffusion. In contrast, the intensity of staining was much less and there was some diffusion around lipid droplets in material post-fixed in aqueous or cacodylate-buffered osmium tetroxide. Spot tests on filter paper revealed that unsaturated fatty acids, especially linolenic and linoleic acids reacted more intensely with osmium-imidazole than with aqueous osmium tetroxide. These findings demonstrate that osmium-imidazole provides an excellent stain for lipids in transmission electron microscopy and that most probably it stains lipids with unsaturated fatty acids.
226 citations
TL;DR: Collagen in three different states, i.e. native soluble molecules, denatured molecules and reconstituted fibers, was exposed to various concentrations of glutaraldehyde and the degree of intramolecular and intermolecular crosslink formation was evaluated.
Abstract: Collagen in three different states, i.e. native soluble molecules, denatured molecules and reconstituted fibers, was exposed to various concentrations of glutaraldehyde. The degree of intramolecula...
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method for preparing glutaraldehyde crosslinked human serum albumin microspheres has been developed, which includes the addition of glutarsaldehyde in the organic phase and use of concentrated solutions of hydrophobic polymers (polymethylmethacrylate) or hydrophilic polymers as dispersion media.
123 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that a process of polymerization is induced by the initial reaction of glutaraldehyde with amines, which is self-limiting in size and can undergo internal rearrangement to become chemically inert.
Abstract: 3H-Glycine and 6-aminohexanoic acid were used as model amine compounds and reacted with glutaraldehyde. Based on the spectral characteristics and the molecular weights obtained from the reaction products, it is concluded that glutaraldehyde can modify amines to form an intermediate which absorbs at 300 nm and has a molecular weight of about 200. In the presence of excess glutaraldehyde, this intermediate is quickly converted to a much larger intermediate which absorb strongly at 265 nm. The larger intermediates are finally altered to yield a strong absorption peak at 325 nm with no apparent change in the molecular weight. These results suggest that a process of polymerization is induced by the initial reaction of glutaraldehyde with amines. The glutaraldehyde-polymer amine complex is self-limiting in size and can undergo internal rearrangement to become chemically inert.
122 citations
TL;DR: The quality of tissue preservation in lungs fixed by vascular perfusion has been reevaluated and results include large increases of perfusion pressure and lung weight that reflect intracellular, interstitial, and intra-alveolar edema.
Abstract: The quality of tissue preservation in lungs fixed by vascular perfusion has been reevaluated. Excised rabbit lungs inflated to 60% of total lung capacity were perfused (zone III conditions) with different but widely used fixatives. The effects of the perfusates on pertinent physiological variables have been assessed by a continuous monitoring, the effects on the pulmonary microstructure by qualitative and morphometric analysis of electron micrographs. Important results include the following. 1) Perfusions with isotonic glutaraldehyde at flow rates within the physiological range produce large increases of perfusion pressure and lung weight that reflect intracellular, interstitial, and intra-alveolar edema. 2) No edema occurs if glutaraldehyde is added to isotonic buffer solutions (total osmolarity 510 mosM). 3) Glutaraldehyde as sole perfusate does not fully eliminate the retractive force of lung tissue. Upon release of transpulmonary pressure the lungs retract by an indeterminable amount. 4) Satisfactory results can be obtained by sequential perfusion with osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate or glutaraldehyde (510 mosM) followed by osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate. The latter combination yields optimal preparations to study the alveolar and capillary architecture but causes a hyperosmotic volume loss of lung cells (cell shrinkage).
93 citations
Patent•
12 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, non-inflammatory collagen polymers are rendered noninflammatory by complexation with alkaline phosphatase according to the procedure disclosed, and applications of these noninflammatory collagen complexes include the production of non inflammatory collagen sutures, collagen soft tissue replacements including wound and burn coverings and arterial vessel replacements, collagen drug delivery devices, and vitreous replacement for opthalmologic therapy.
Abstract: Collagen polymers are rendered non-inflammatory by complexation with alkaline phosphatase according to the procedure disclosed. Applications of these non-inflammatory collagen complexes include the production of non-inflammatory collagen sutures, collagen soft tissue replacements including wound and burn coverings and arterial vessel replacements, collagen drug delivery devices, and vitreous replacement for opthalmologic therapy. Gels composed of the collagen-alkaline phosphatase conjugate plus calcium hydroxide are useful as an agent in endodontic therapy. Structural durability and stabilization of the anti-inflammatory properties of the material are enhanced by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde or other crosslinking agents. Glutaraldehyde also acts to sterilize and disinfect the collagen conjugate prior to in-vivo use.
66 citations
TL;DR: It is found that GA contributes to the total effective osmolarity of the fixatives, and that the type of buffers used for the fixative can also affect the cell volume differently during GA fixation.
Abstract: SUMMARY
The contribution of glutaraldehyde (GA) to the effective osmolarity of GA fixatives, the osmotic reactivity of the cells after fixation in GA, and also the duration of fixation in GA on cell volume, were investigated using cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) and spiral aortic strips. Four fixation procedures were studied. We found that GA contributes to the total effective osmolarity of the fixatives, and that the type of buffers used for the fixatives can also affect the cell volume differently during GA fixation. After GA fixation, the cells were still osmotically reactive, regardless of the buffer types for making up the GA fixatives, so that the osmolarity of the wash buffer after GA fixation is important. However, OsO4 eliminates osmotic responses, thus the osmolarity of OsO4 fixative and wash buffer have negligible influence on the cell volume. Longer fixation time up to 4 h had no effect on the cell volume.
57 citations
TL;DR: A correlation between activities and spectral changes have been shown: when the activities increase, the F(735) to F(695) ratio increases and the PA(676) to PA(440) ratio decreases.
Abstract: Immobilization of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) thylakoids has been performed by using glutaraldehyde and bovine serum albumin. Confirming previous reports, a stabilization of the O2 evolution activity of the photosystem II (PSII) under storage and functional conditions has been observed. The present work is devoted to the role played by mono-and divalent cations, during the immobilization process itself, on the O2 production. Four types of measurements have been employed: kinetic measurements, low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission, photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, and electron microscopy observations. We show that the effect of glutaraldehyde is complex because it acts as an inhibitor, a stabilizing agent, and a cross-linking reactive. In the present studies, the thylakoids are immobilized within a polymeric insoluble albumin matrix. The highest activity yield and the best storage conditions are obtained when 0.15 mm Na+ (or K+), 1 mm Mg2+, and 0.1 mm Mn2+ are present in the resuspending media before the immobilization. Due to modifications of the ionic content during such a process, structural differences are observed on the stacking degree of thylakoids. No modification of the fluorescence and PA spectra after the immobilization are found. Furthermore, a correlation between activities and spectral changes have been shown: when the activities increase, the F735 to F695 ratio increases and the PA676 to PA440 ratio decreases.
43 citations
TL;DR: A new experimental technique has been developed in which the specimen acts as its own control, obviating the need to perform large numbers of experiments to obtain statistically significant results.
41 citations
TL;DR: Saccharomyces uvarum cells immobilized in the porous carrier showed high ethanol productivities with a maximum value of 25 g/l when monitored in packed bed reactors at 35°C with continuous cane molasses feedstock containing 10% fermentable sugars.
Abstract: Open pore gelatin pellets with entrapped yeast cells were obtained by selective leaching out of Ca alginate from the composite matrix followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Saccharomyces uvarum cells immobilized in the porous carrier showed high ethanol productivities with a maximum value of 25 g/l.h when monitored in packed bed reactors at 35°C with continuous cane molasses feedstock containing 10% fermentable sugars.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It would seem that since the glutaraldehyde does not perfuse the tissues to the apex, it will not demonstrate systemic distribution and other extradental phenomena, as have been identified with the use of formocresol.
Abstract: Based on the limited results of this eight-week comparison of formocresol and glutaraldehyde, it would appear that glutaraldehyde may offer distinct advantages over formocresol, in the treatment of cariously exposed primary and young permanent teeth. In particular, due to its chemical structure, it is more active in fixing the surface tissues and is more rapidly limited in its depth of penetration through these tissues. Glutaraldehyde does not exhibit as significant an ability to induce the total loss of vitality, in the radicular pulp tissues. The progression of formocresol treated pulps to apparent fibrotic replacement via granulation-tissue ingrowth, through the apex, does not occur with the glutaraldehyde-treated pulp tissues. There may, however, be a slow progression of fibrotic replacement of the glutaraldehyde fixed tissue, in the coronal portion of the radicular pulp. Perhaps most importantly it would seem that since the glutaraldehyde does not perfuse the tissues to the apex, it will not demonstrate systemic distribution and other extradental phenomena, as have been identified with the use of formocresol
TL;DR: The techniques for using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) to study cell interactions with dried and hydrated collagen gels to analyze cell morphology, the organization of the substrate, and physical relationship of cells to the substratum are described.
Abstract: Publisher Summary To analyze cell morphology, the organization of the substratum, and physical relationship of cells to the substratum, it is necessary to use ultrastructural methods. This chaper describes the techniques for using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) to study cell interactions with dried and hydrated collagen gels. Samples for SEM analysis are fixed with glutaraldehyde in sodium phosphate. Cells are then washed in phosphate buffer containing sucrose and stored in phosphate sucrose overnight. The specimens are then dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol. The dehydrated samples are critically point dried with liquid CO2. Finally, the samples are placed in an argon atmosphere in a vacuum evaporator and coated with metal from a 60% gold/ 40% palladium target. When viewing the coated specimens with the scanning electron microscope, accelerating voltages ranging from 10 to 25 kV are used depending upon the stability of the samples and the magnification desired. Samples for TEM analysis are fixed and washed similarly to samples for SEM except that 2% glutaraldehyde/l% tannic acid is used instead of 3% glutaraldehyde to enhance the contrast of membranes. An alternative method for preparing samples is useful when it is necessary to view a large number of cells in each section.
TL;DR: Serum samples were found to be capable of desorbing as much as 40% of the antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) adsorbed to plastic surfaces, so chemical fixation was examined as a means for preventing antibody desorption during a 'sandwich' radioimmunoassay for HBsAg.
TL;DR: Hemoglobin microcapsules were prepared through cross-linking of hemoglobin itself with various acyldichlorides and were able to ensure oxygen transfer: the dissociation curve was sigmoidal with a p50 = 13 mm Hg.
TL;DR: Histological examination revealed changes in structural organization of the collagen, which explained the alterations in the stress/strain response of bovine pericardium, with considerable loss of extensibility for the prestretched tissues.
01 Oct 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt is made to crosslink different proteins using glutaraldehyde on polycarbonate surface and evaluate how such surfaces may effect the blood compatibility of the polymer, by investigating the interfacial energies of the modified polymer surfaces using contact angle techniques.
Abstract: An attempt is made here to crosslink different proteins using glutaraldehyde on polycarbonate surface and to evaluate how such surfaces may effect the blood compatibility of the polymer, by investigating the interfacial energies of the modified polymer surfaces using contact angle techniques. The plasma recalcification time and platelet adhesion studies were also carried out to develop an understanding further. It has been observed that the increased molecular weight of proteins seems to encourage thrombosis.
TL;DR: The application of the present method in electron microscopy may be useful in overcoming the artifacts often induced by other tracing techniques such as vascular perfusion with peroxidase or immersion in lanthanum.
Abstract: Secondary treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed liver samples with long term stored solutions of osmium tetroxide and potassium ferrocyanide (Os-Fe) results in tracing of the extracellular spaces of the tissue with an electron opaque substance. This substance does not diffuse across cell membranes, its formation probably being related to the progressive reduction of the OsO4 molecule by potassium ferrocyanide. The application of the present method in electron microscopy may be useful in overcoming the artifacts often induced by other tracing techniques such as vascular perfusion with peroxidase or immersion in lanthanum. Although the period of storage of the Os-Fe solution is a clear disadvantage of the method, it seems plausible to anticipate that further studies on the chemical interaction between osmium tetroxide and potassium ferrocyanide will provide us with a Os-Fe mixture having an immediate tracer effect.
Patent•
04 Mar 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, a magnetic material is incorporated in the microcarriers to allow the use of an external magnetic field to stir, suspend and/or isolate the micro-carriers.
Abstract: Animal cells are immobilized by adsorbing anchorage-dependent animal cells on microcarriers which can be enzymatically degraded with anzymes such as dispase and collagenase to release the cells intact. The microcarriers include naturally occurring proteins and polysaccharides or derivatives thereof, such as gelatin and chitosan. The microcarriers may be modified with a crosslinking agent such as glutaraldehyde to impart higher temperature resistance and increase mechanical strength. Incorporating particles of a magnetic material such as Fe3O4 in the microcarriers permits the use of an external magnetic field to stir, suspend and/or isolate the microcarriers. Alternatively, animal cells are immobilized by entrapping in alginate or agarose gels.
TL;DR: This method preserves most of the yeast cell fine structural components including cell walls and membrane, nuclear membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, microbodies, vacuoles, nucleoli, and ribosomes, however, it leads to disruption of capsular materials and loss of some of the lipid and glycogen granules.
Abstract: A primary fixative containing glutaraldehyde (3%), acrolein (1.5%), and paraformaldehyde (1.5%) buffered in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate at pH 7.2 was applied to the cells ofCryptococcus vishniacii for 2 hours on ice. The cells were then treated with a 6% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate for 1 hour at room temperature. This method preserves most of the yeast cell fine structural components including cell walls and membrane, nuclear membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, microbodies, vacuoles, nucleoli, and ribosomes. However, it leads to disruption of capsular materials and loss of some of the lipid and glycogen granules.
TL;DR: The use of glutaraldehyde as an irrigant resulted in closure of the apical third of the root canal as indicated by the absence of 14C-formocresol diffusion.
TL;DR: In an attempt to find a fixative that has a wide range of application in immunocytochemical studies of pituitary tissue, the use of acrolein fixation followed by postfixation in osmium resulted in good staining for both light and electron microscopy with all antisera employed.
Abstract: In an attempt to find a fixative that has a wide range of application in immunocytochemical studies of pituitary tissue, we have investigated the use of acrolein fixation followed by postfixation in osmium. Pituitary glands were excised and immersion-fixed in 2 or 5% acrolein/0.25% glutaraldehyde for 1, 2.5, 5, or 24 hr. Some tissues were subsequently postfixed in 1% OsO4 for 1.5 hr before embedding in Epon-Araldite. Sections were collected for both light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, employing several pituitary hormone antisera. Fixation for 2.5 hr with 2% acrolein/0.25% glutaraldehyde followed by osmication resulted in good staining for both light and electron microscopy with all antisera employed. Furthermore, the rapid penetration qualities of this fixative resulted in good ultrastructural preservation throughout the tissue.
Patent•
28 Jul 1982
TL;DR: An aqueous solution composition for use in cleaning and sanitizing carpets and the like consists of surfactant, inorganic phosphate, glutaraldehyde, solvent and brightener.
Abstract: An aqueous solution composition for use in cleaning and sanitizing carpets and the like consists of surfactant, inorganic phosphate, glutaraldehyde, solvent and brightener, as for example in the relative weight percentages claimed herein.
Patent•
12 Oct 1982TL;DR: Sucrose mutase in whole cells of Protaminobacter rubrum #l is immobilized by contacting the cells with tannic acid, polyethylenimine, and an adduct of glutaraldehyde and an epihalohydrin/polyamine copolymer.
Abstract: Sucrose mutase in whole cells of Protaminobacter rubrum #l is immobilized by contacting the cells with tannic acid, polyethylenimine, and an adduct of glutaraldehyde and an epihalohydrin/polyamine copolymer. The resultant reaction product has improved sucrose mutase activity and physical characteristics for use in a packed-bed reactor to convert sucrose to palatinose.
Patent•
26 Aug 1982TL;DR: A storage stable composition of glutaraldehyde acetals and an organic acidic catalyst, which can be converted to glutaldehyde at the site and upon demand, by the addition of water as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A storage stable composition of glutaraldehyde acetals and an organic acidic catalyst, which can be converted to glutaraldehyde at the site and upon demand, by the addition of water
Patent•
17 Mar 1982TL;DR: A silver stain procedure is described in this article, where a substance capable of binding silver is treated with a glutaraldehyde solution, an aqueous silver salt solution, a reducing solution, and an aquatic carbonate or sulfate solution.
Abstract: A silver stain procedure wherein a substance capable of binding silver is treated with a glutaraldehyde solution, an aqueous silver salt solution, a reducing solution and an aqueous carbonate or sulfate solution and kit useful in practicing same.
TL;DR: Two major conclusions have been established: Reaction of the fixation reagents with the membrane is selective and the lipid-protein interactions change after pretreatment by OsO4 or glutaraldehyde.
TL;DR: Alcohol dehydrogenase is immobilized by reaction with glutaraldehyde onto silica gel, which is packed in a column in a flow system, and the NADH produced being detected amperometrically.
Patent•
25 Oct 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the enzymes are directly absorbed onto the surface after a cross-linking treatment to stablize the coating or immobilized by chemical bonds after a treatment with a bifunctional reagent, for example with glutaraldehyde.
Abstract: Enzymatic catalysts are produced from mineral particles coated with chitosan. The enzymes may be directly absorbed onto the surface after a cross-linking treatment to stablize the coating or immobilized by chemical bonds after a treatment with a bifunctional reagent, for example with glutaraldehyde. The stability of the biocatalyst is advantageously increased by retreatment with a bifunctional reagent after immobilization of the enzyme. Enzymes sensitive to glutaraldehyde are fixed by a carbodiimide. The catalysts thus prepared are insoluble in aqueous solutions. The particles are rigid and incompressible and are suitable for use in fixed-bed and fluidized-bed reactors. The immobilization yield may reach 90% depending on the circumstances.
TL;DR: Electron dense granules may appear in tissues after glutaraldehyde prefixation and osmium tetroxide postfixation and various vehicles in pre‐ and post‐fixatives were tested on lymph node, thymus and heart.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Electron dense granules may appear in tissues after glutaraldehyde prefixation and osmium tetroxide postfixation. In order to determine the conditions under which the granules are formed various vehicles in pre- and post-fixatives were tested on lymph node, thymus and heart.
If granules appeared they were found in all cell types investigated, particularly in the nuclei. There was no difference in the distribution of the granules in the different compartments of these organs.
The granules probably consist of complexes of glutaraldehyde, osmium and phosphate. The ultimate phosphate concentration in the tissues during the postfixation was shown to determine whether or not the artefacts appeared. Local conditions in the tissues also contributed to the appearance of the granules. It is concluded that phosphate buffers can be used in the double fixation procedure, but to avoid the granules in lymph node, thymus and heart, a concentration of 0·1 mol/l or less phosphate should be used. For brain and kidney other conditions apply.