Showing papers on "Hepatitis published in 2023"

Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis

Abstract: ABSTRACT Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammatory disease of the liver of unknown cause that may progress to liver cirrhosis and end stage liver failure if diagnosis is overlooked and treatment delayed. The clinical presentation is often that of acute hepatitis, sometimes very severe; less frequently, it can be insidious or completely asymptomatic. The disease can affect people of any age and is more common in women; its incidence and prevalence seem to be on the rise worldwide. An abnormal immune response targeting liver autoantigens and inducing persistent and self-perpetuating liver inflammation is the pathogenic mechanism of the disease. A specific set of autoantibodies, increased IgG concentrations, and histological demonstration of interface hepatitis and periportal necrosis are the diagnostic hallmarks of autoimmune hepatitis. Prompt response to treatment with corticosteroids and other immunomodulatory drugs is almost universal and supports the diagnosis. The aims of treatment are to induce and maintain long term remission of liver inflammation. Treatment can often even reverse liver fibrosis, thus preventing progression to advanced cirrhosis and its complications. Most patients need lifelong maintenance therapy, and repeated follow-up in experienced hands improves the quality of care and quality of life for affected patients.

Role of Non-Hepatotropic Viruses in Acute Sporadic Viral Hepatitis and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Adults

Abstract: Background and Aim: Viral infections, drugs, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune processes can cause hepatitis, which is a diffuse inflammatory condition of the liver. Hepatitis E (HEV) and hepatitis A (HAV) viruses are the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis (AVH). AVH and chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients were studied to determine whether they were infected with various hepatotropic and non-hepatotropic viruses. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 186 adult patients with ACLF and AVH in the Department of Gastroenterology, DHQ Teaching Hospital and Mufti Mahmood Memorial Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan from September 2020 to August 2022. Our study included consecutive patients with acute viral hepatitis who had a definite viral etiology, a fever or jaundice that developed after 3 weeks, and an ALT that was 2x the upper limit of normal. There were three serological tests performed for all the patients: hepatitis (A, B, C, D, and E), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and non-hepatitis (CMV). Data analysis was carried out in SPSS version 26. Results: Of the total 186 samples investigated, the incidence of ACLF and AVH was 60 (32.3%) and 126 (67.7%) respectively. The prevalence of confirmed etiology such as HEV, HAV, HBV, and HCV was 98 (52.7%), 29 (15.6%), 20 (10.8%), and 2 (1.1%) respectively. The mixed viral etiology and Epstein-Barr virus was present in 18 (9.7%) and 19 (10.2%) respectively. The most prevalent cause of infection was HEV found in 76 (60.3%) AVH and 42 (70%) ACLF cases. The mortality rate among AVH patients was significantly lower 2.4% (n=3) than ACLF 23.3% (n=14). As compared to ACLF patients, AVH patients had significantly higher infections caused by non-hepatotropic viruses (24 vs. 3, p=0.001). There were significantly more mixed infections in AVH as opposed to ACLF (28 vs. 4, p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study concluded that both AVH and ACLF patients were susceptible to HEV-associated hepatitis. There were significant numbers of patients with AVH being infected with non-hepatotropic viruses including CMV and EBV. These viruses are much less common in patients with ACLF. Keywords: Epidemiology, Non-hepatotropic virus, Acute viral hepatitis, Acute chronic liver failure

Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children: a clinical update on the recent outbreak with mechanistic insights

Abstract: Summary Since April 2022, over 1000 children across 35 countries have developed episodes of acute hepatitis of unknown origin. At King’s College Hospital, a total of 65 children were referred with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology, with 10 of these children presenting with acute liver dysfunction leading to acute liver failure. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed and continue to be investigated worldwide. In this review, we explore the current understanding of potential aetiologies for this outbreak. We further characterize the proposed immunological mechanisms of liver injury in these cases.

Immune‐related adverse events in hepatitis treated with thiopurine‐based immunosuppressants: A case report

Abstract: An 82‐year‐old man was treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Although he was previously treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) for immune‐related adverse event (irAE) hepatitis by a previous doctor, he still had worsening liver function and was transferred to our hospital. Blood tests and imaging findings were negative for autoimmune and infectious hepatitis, and liver biopsy results were consistent with irAE hepatitis. Steroid pulse therapy improved liver function, but tapering to prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) again worsened his liver function. Concomitant use of mycophenolate mofetil was initiated, but no improvement in liver function was observed, therefore azathioprine, a thiopurine immunosuppressant, was administered in combination with steroids. During the course of treatment, hepatic dysfunction due to azathioprine was suspected, and the concomitant use of mercaptopurine and prednisolone was started. Afterward, the liver function improved, and the prednisolone dose was gradually reduced to 10 mg/day. This is a rare case in which a thiopurine‐based immunosuppressant was effective against irAE hepatitis, therefore thiopurine‐based immunosuppressants may be effective against steroid‐refractory hepatitis.

A Phase 3, Randomized Trial of Bulevirtide in Chronic Hepatitis D

Abstract: Coinfection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) accelerates the progression of liver disease associated with chronic hepatitis B. Bulevirtide inhibits the entry of HDV into hepatocytes. In this ongoing phase 3 trial, patients with chronic hepatitis D, with or without compensated cirrhosis, were randomly assigned, in a 1:1:1 ratio, to receive bulevirtide subcutaneously at 2 mg per day (2-mg group) or 10 mg per day (10-mg group) for 144 weeks or to receive no treatment for 48 weeks followed by bulevirtide subcutaneously at 10 mg per day for 96 weeks (control group). Patients will complete 96 weeks of additional follow-up after the end of treatment. The primary end point was a combined response at week 48 of an undetectable HDV RNA level, or a level that decreased by at least 2 log10 IU per milliliter from baseline, and normalization of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. The key secondary end point was an undetectable HDV RNA level at week 48, in a comparison between the 2-mg group and the 10-mg group. A total of 49 patients were assigned to the 2-mg group, 50 to the 10-mg group, and 51 to the control group. A primary end-point response occurred in 45% of patients in the 2-mg group, 48% in the 10-mg group, and 2% in the control group (P<0.001 for the comparison of each dose group with the control group). The HDV RNA level at week 48 was undetectable in 12% of patients in the 2-mg group and in 20% in the 10-mg group (P=0.41). The ALT level normalized in 12% of patients in the control group, 51% in the 2-mg group (difference from control, 39 percentage points [95% confidence interval {CI}, 20 to 56]), and 56% in the 10-mg group (difference from control, 44 percentage points [95% CI, 26 to 60]). Loss of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) or an HBsAg level that decreased by at least 1 log10 IU per milliliter did not occur in the bulevirtide groups by week 48. Headache, pruritus, fatigue, eosinophilia, injection-site reactions, upper abdominal pain, arthralgia, and asthenia were more common in the 2-mg and 10-mg groups combined than in the control group. No treatment-related serious adverse events occurred. Dose-dependent increases in bile acid levels were noted in the 2-mg and 10-mg groups. After 48 weeks of bulevirtide treatment, HDV RNA and ALT levels were reduced in patients with chronic hepatitis D. (Funded by Gilead Sciences; MYR 301 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03852719.)

Discontinuation of immunosuppression in patients with immune‐mediated drug‐induced liver injury or idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis: A case–control study

Abstract: Drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) may present with autoimmune features and require immunosuppressive therapy (IST) to reach biochemical response. Discontinuation of IST without hepatitis relapse may be more frequent in these patients as compared to patients with classical autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). We aimed to determine baseline characteristics and outcome of patients with immune‐mediated drug induced liver injury (IMDILI) with particular emphasis on IST during follow‐up.

Facing the Unknown: Idiopathic Giant Cell Hepatitis

Abstract: ABSTRACT Giant cell hepatitis is a rare infiltrative disease associated with several viruses, drugs, malignancies, and autoimmune conditions. To date, treatment aims at controlling the underlying etiology, and there are limited data on the clinical course and treatment of idiopathic cases. We present a case of idiopathic giant cell hepatitis in an otherwise healthy adult man and review the literature regarding treatment and outcomes in this population.

Severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children in 2022: A Narrative Review

Abstract: Severe cases of acute hepatitis have been reported all around the world since 5 April 2022. Common viral hepatitis agents (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) were ruled out by laboratory investigations, impelling the term "acute non-A-E hepatitis". Common manifestations consist of abdominal pain, jaundice, and vomiting. A highly elevated level of liver enzymes was a remarkable laboratory finding among the patients. Currently, there is no clear etiology and thus treatment for the condition. Adenovirus serotype 41 (ad-41) was detected in most of the patients even though there is no elucidated link between Adenovirus and acute hepatitis. Other viral agents such as SARS-CoV-2 tested positive in a few cases. Treatment strategies depend on the severity, complications, and sequela of acute hepatitis and can vary widely from supportive therapy to liver transplantation. As of 8 July 2022, 1010 probable cases were reported from 35 countries. More than half were from the European region and were mostly children under the age of 6 years. Among different hypotheses about the etiology of severe acute non-A-E hepatitis, adenovirus-41 is of great importance but further assessments are needed to prove any definite link between ad-41 and severe acute hepatitis.

5PSQ-004 Epclusa related sleepiness: a case report

Abstract:

Background and Importance

Epclusa is a two-drug combination administered as a single daily pill containing Velpatasvir and Sofosbuvir used to treat de Hepatitis C. The treatment duration is 12 weeks and the cure rates are from 97% to 100% in those patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. Based on data obtained from phase 3 clinical studies, the percentage of patients experiencing any serious adverse event was 3.2%. The most common adverse reactions observed are headache and fatigue. Pharmacovigilance collects information, and analyses and notifies case of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to prevent them occurring in the future

Aim and Objectives

To describe a case of sleepiness in a patient treated with Epclusa and establish its possible association.

Material and Methods

We describe a case of an 72-year-old woman diagnosed with hepatitis C with compensated cirrhosis and treated with Epclusa. In May 2022, before starting the treatment with Epclusa, her home medication was checked at the Pharmacy Department, which include atorvastatin, enalapril and omperazole; pointing out to separate the intake of omeprazole and Epclusa 4 hours and proving there no were any drug interactions. After 16 days receiving the treatment with Eplcusa, she was referred to the emergency department presenting sleepiness and general deterioration. As a result, she was diagnosed with common cold and treated with amoxicilin. It also coincided with constipation, which spontaneously resolved within two days. Finally Epclusa treatment was stopped.

Results

4 days after, she reported improvement in sleepiness after discontinuation of treatment, although the iatrogenic origin cannot be guaranteed since it has also coincided with catarrhal symptoms and constipation, both situations in resolution. Naranjo’s algorithms establish the causality relationship as possible (score of 2). The Spanish pharmacovigilance centre was notified.

Conclusion and Relevance

The European Medicines Agency’s technical sheet for Epclusa does not describe sleepiness as an ADR. Patient could confuse fatigue with sleepiness in dealing with subjective symptoms. The RPC reported this case as the only Epclusa ADR notified in our country. The reporting of ADRs in hospitals is very important because innovative new drugs are usually used, severe ADRs are most likely to be seen in hospitals and it can be detected early helping others how to act.

References and/or Acknowledgements

Conflict of Interest

No conflict of interest

Molecular Idiosyncratic Toxicology of Drugs in the Human Liver Compared with Animals: Basic Considerations

Abstract: Drug induced liver injury (DILI) occurs in patients exposed to drugs at recommended doses that leads to idiosyncratic DILI and provides an excellent human model with well described clinical features, liver injury pattern, and diagnostic criteria, based on patients assessed for causality using RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) as original method of 1993 or its update of 2016. Overall, 81,856 RUCAM based DILI cases have been published until mid of 2020, allowing now for an analysis of mechanistic issues of the disease. From selected DILI cases with verified diagnosis by using RUCAM, direct evidence was provided for the involvement of the innate and adapted immune system as well as genetic HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) genotypes. Direct evidence for a role of hepatic immune systems was substantiated by (1) the detection of anti-CYP (Cytochrome P450) isoforms in the plasma of affected patients, in line with the observation that 65% of the drugs most implicated in DILI are metabolized by a range of CYP isoforms, (2) the DIAIH (drug induced autoimmune hepatitis), a subgroup of idiosyncratic DILI, which is characterized by high RUCAM causality gradings and the detection of plasma antibodies such as positive serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), rarely also anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), (3) the effective treatment with glucocorticoids in part of an unselected RUCAM based DILI group, and (4) its rare association with the immune-triggered Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) caused by a small group of drugs. Direct evidence of a genetic basis of idiosyncratic DILI was shown by the association of several HLA genotypes for DILI caused by selected drugs. Finally, animal models of idiosyncratic DILI mimicking human immune and genetic features are not available and further search likely will be unsuccessful. In essence and based on cases of DILI with verified diagnosis using RUCAM for causality evaluation, there is now substantial direct evidence that immune mechanisms and genetics can account for idiosyncratic DILI by many but not all implicated drugs, which may help understand the mechanistic background of the disease and contribute to new approaches of therapy and prevention.

Recent Advances in Protective Vaccines against Hepatitis Viruses: A Narrative Review

Abstract: Vaccination has been confirmed to be the safest and, sometimes, the only tool of defense against threats from infectious diseases. The successful history of vaccination is evident in the control of serious viral infections, such as smallpox and polio. Viruses that infect human livers are known as hepatitis viruses and are classified into five major types from A to E, alphabetically. Although infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is known to be self-resolving after rest and symptomatic treatment, there were 7134 deaths from HAV worldwide in 2016. In 2019, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulted in an estimated 820,000 and 290,000 deaths, respectively. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a satellite virus that depends on HBV for producing its infectious particles in order to spread. The combination of HDV and HBV infection is considered the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is another orally transmitted virus, common in low- and middle-income countries. In 2015, it caused 44,000 deaths worldwide. Safe and effective vaccines are already available to prevent hepatitis A and B. Here, we review the recent advances in protective vaccines against the five major hepatitis viruses.

Regional risk of tuberculosis and viral hepatitis with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor treatment: A systematic review

Abstract: Background: TNFα inhibitors are regularly used to treat autoimmune diseases. Tuberculosis (TB) and viral hepatitis B are considered potential infectious complications, and screening and surveillance are therefore recommended. Current guidelines do not take into account regional differences in endemicity of these infections. Methods: A systematic literature review of TB and viral hepatitis in patients receiving TNFα-inhibitors was performed, searching in PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. Studies were selected against predefined eligibility criteria and assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The number of TB and viral hepatitis cases/1,000 TNFα-inhibitor patients were evaluated, and regional variation compared. Results: 105 observational studies involving over 140,000 patients were included. Overall, 1% of patients developed TB or viral hepatitis B. TB cases/1,000 TNFα-inhibitor patients were 4-fold higher in Asia, Africa, and South America than in Europe, North America, and Australasia where only 0%–0.4% of patients developed TB. Hepatitis B cases/1,000 patients were over 15-fold higher in countries with high prevalence (China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand) compared with low prevalence (p < 0.00001) where only 0.4% of patients developed hepatitis B. Only three of 143 patients developed viral hepatitis C, and there was insufficient data to allow regional sub-analysis. Conclusion: TB and viral hepatitis B infections in patients treated with TNFα inhibitors are largely confined to countries with high prevalence of these infections. As only 1/2,500 patients in low prevalence countries treated with TNFα inhibitors develop TB or viral hepatitis B, we suggest an individualized, risk-based approach, rather than universal screening for all patients.

Treatment Options for Hepatitis A and E: A Non-Systematic Review

Abstract: Hepatitis A and hepatitis E are relatively common causes of liver disease. Both viruses are mainly transmitted through the faecal–oral route and, consequently, most outbreaks occur in countries with poor sanitation. An important role of the immune response as the driver of liver injury is also shared by the two pathogens. For both the hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis E (HEV) viruses, the clinical manifestations of infection mainly consist of an acute disease with mild liver injury, which results in clinical and laboratory alterations that are self-limiting in most cases. However, severe acute disease or chronic, long-lasting manifestations may occur in vulnerable patients, such as pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals or those with pre-existing liver disease. Specifically, HAV infection rarely results in fulminant hepatitis, prolonged cholestasis, relapsing hepatitis and possibly autoimmune hepatitis triggered by the viral infection. Less common manifestations of HEV include extrahepatic disease, acute liver failure and chronic HEV infection with persistent viraemia. In this paper, we conduct a non-systematic review of the available literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the state of the art. Treatment mainly consists of supportive measures, while the available evidence for aetiological treatment and additional agents in severe disease is limited in quantity and quality. However, several therapeutic approaches have been attempted: for HAV infection, corticosteroid therapy has shown outcome improvement, and molecules, such as AZD 1480, zinc chloride and heme oxygenase-1, have demonstrated a reduction in viral replication in vitro. As for HEV infection, therapeutic options mainly rely on the use of ribavirin, and some studies utilising pegylated interferon-alpha have shown conflicting results. While a vaccine for HAV is already available and has led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of the disease, several vaccines for HEV are currently being developed, with some already available in China, showing promising results.

Pediatric Hepatitis and Respiratory Viruses: A Spatiotemporal Ecologic Analysis

Abstract: Beginning in early 2022, clusters of severe pediatric hepatitis were reported in Europe and the United States. To date, no cause has been identified although human adenovirus 41 has been proposed in a proportion of cases. We examined population data >11 years for hepatitis clusters in Victoria, Australia, and whether any were spatiotemporally associated with community transmission of common respiratory viruses.We used SaTScan to analyze for clusters of pediatric hepatitis and respiratory adenoviruses in Victoria. Negative binomial regression analysis was performed to determine any associations between hepatitis and respiratory viruses across Victoria between July 1, 2011, and June 30, 2022.A number of positive associations were observed in Victoria between pediatric hepatitis clusters and respiratory viruses in our spatiotemporal analysis. A positive association was not found with respiratory adenoviruses or SARS-CoV-2. Increased hepatitis clusters were observed in 2021 and 2022 as noted internationally.The current hepatitis outbreak is novel and, although respiratory viruses are broadly associated with hepatitis, SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory adenoviruses are unlikely to be related.

Tacrolimus for the Management of Delayed Onset and Treatment-Refractory Immune-Related Hepatitis

Abstract: ABSTRACT Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab, are effective in the management of metastatic malignancies, such as melanoma, and are associated with a spectrum of immune-related organ toxicities, including immune-related hepatitis (ir-hepatitis). The clinical presentation of ir-hepatitis varies in onset and severity, and management involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids and mycophenolate mofetil as first and second-line agents. Several agents have been proposed as third-line options for treatment-refractory disease. We report the successful use of tacrolimus for delayed onset and treatment-refractory ir-hepatitis secondary to pembrolizumab.

Azathioprine-Induced Hypersensitivity Vasculitis.

Abstract: Vasculitic skin rash is a rare but known manifestation of azathioprine hypersensitivity reactions, with several published case reports. In this report, we describe the case of a 63-year-old man on azathioprine for autoimmune hepatitis, who developed a delayed systemic hypersensitivity reaction with biopsy-proven vasculitis, approximately 10 months into his treatment. This resolved after azathioprine discontinuation and has not recurred to date after subsequent administration of 6-mercaptopurine. This case highlights the need for continued monitoring for delayed hypersensitivity reactions to azathioprine after initiation of therapy.

Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in treating immune‐related hepatitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor use: A retrospective study

Abstract: To investigate the outcomes in eight Japanese patients with cancer treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and corticosteroids for immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment‐induced severe immune‐related hepatitis (ir‐hepatitis) and the efficacy and safety of MMF.

A strategy for hepatitis diagnosis by using spherical $ q $-linear Diophantine fuzzy Dombi aggregation information and the VIKOR method

Abstract: Hepatitis is an infectious disease typified by inflammation in internal organ tissues, and it is caused by infection or inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis is often feared as a fatal illness, especially in developing countries, mostly due to contaminated water, poor sanitation, and risky blood transfusion practices. Although viruses are typically blamed, other potential causes of this kind of liver infection include autoimmune disorders, toxins, medicines, opioids, and alcohol. Viral hepatitis may be diagnosed using a variety of methods, including a physical exam, liver surgery (biopsy), imaging investigations like an ultrasound or CT scan, blood tests, a viral serology panel, a DNA test, and viral antibody testing. Our study proposes a new decision-support system for hepatitis diagnosis based on spherical q-linear Diophantine fuzzy sets (Sq-LDFS). Sq-LDFS form the generalized structure of all existing notions of fuzzy sets. Furthermore, a list of novel Einstein aggregation operators is developed under Sq-LDF information. Also, an improved VIKOR method is presented to address the uncertainty in analyzing the viral hepatitis categories demonstration. Interesting and useful properties of the proposed operators are given. The core of this research is the proposed algorithm based on the proposed Einstein aggregation operators and improved VIKOR approach to address uncertain information in decision support problems. Finally, a hepatitis diagnosis case study is examined to show how the suggested approach works in practice. Additionally, a comparison is provided to demonstrate the superiority and efficacy of the suggested decision technique.

Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children: Two Cases in a Portuguese Hospital.

Abstract: Several cases of paediatric acute hepatitis of an unknown aetiology have been described in these last few months and in several countries worldwide. We present two patients, a 7-month-old girl and an 8-year-old boy, with gastrointestinal symptoms and lethargy, associated with elevation of transaminase levels. Serologies for hepatitis A-E virus and PCR test to SARS-CoV-2 were all negative. In the first case, an adenovirus serotype C could be isolated in a respiratory sample as well as cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the blood (100 copies/mL). In both children, there was a progressive decrease in the hepatic markers and symptomatic resolution, compatible with a good prognosis, also seen globally in most cases. To date, infection remains the most plausible cause to consider, especially when it is presumed to be linked to adenovirus. Other potential agents and causes are still being evaluated, thus emphasizing the importance of continuous epidemiological surveillance, notification, and detailed study of all hepatitis cases.

Visual symptoms with Sofosbuvir in hepatitis C treatment - a case report from Pakistan.

Abstract: Hepatitis C virus infection is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. The highly efficacious direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs licensed for therapy have revolutionised the treatment and are reported to have few side effects. Sofosbuvir is a pan-genotypic DAA that acts by inhibition of the hepatitis C NS5B polymerase. It has shown high efficacy in combination with several other drugs with low toxicity, a high resistance barrier, and minimal drug interactions with other hepatitis C DAA drugs. We describe a first of its kind case from Pakistan with visual disturbances caused by Sofosbuvir. A temporal relationship was observed between the treatment initiation and the onset of visual disturbances. The aim of this case report is to draw attention to the unanticipated side effects of this relatively new class of drug that have not been reported previously.

Viral hepatitis B and C as occupational diseases

Abstract: Objective: to study the clinical and epidemiological features and medical and social aspects of viral hepatitis B and C in medical workers. Materials and methods: analysis of outpatient and inpatient records of medical workers with a diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis B, C, B + C, B + D of various stages and degrees of activity, registered at the Republican Center of Occupational Pathology of the Republic of Tatarstan and the consultative and diagnostic department of the Republican Infectious Clinical Hospital named after prof. A.F. Agafonov. An on-line sociological survey of medical workers and senior students of medical universities in Kazan was conducted using the Google form. Results: medical personnel whose work is associated with the provision of invasive medical interventions are at the highest risk of infection with blood-borne infections. All medical workers had a history of accidents - needle sticks, cuts, blood spatter. The development of liver cirrhosis and the presence of lethal outcomes in liver cirrhosis decompensation reflect the general problem of chronic hepatitis C - the lack of timely effective antiviral therapy, despite the detection of hepatitis viruses in medical workers in the early stages of infection during periodic medical examinations. Conclusions: in the structure of occupational morbidity among healthcare workers in Tatarstan, viral hepatitis makes up 16.7%. There is still a risk of viral hepatitis infection in MRs of any level of education and status, including students of medical universities during work practice, assistance on a volunteer basis. Vaccination/revaccination against viral hepatitis B is regulated by regulations and shown to all healthcare workers with viral hepatitis C.

Inflammation of Liver and Hepatitis Disease Prediction using Machine Learning Techniques

Abstract: This research study intends to design a novel system for the detection and diagnosis of hepatitis disease. It has become necessary to integrate AI with healthcare, as it helps in the detection of diseases in an earlier phase before it deteriorates the body. This unpredictable disease can worsen the situation of the human body if it is not diagnosed properly. In this work, a brief study between machine learning algorithms were performed and algorithms like Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Artificial Neural Network were considered for classifying the data points into relevant classes, and for the prediction and diagnosis of hepatitis. The diagnosis of hepatitis is a hectic and expensive task as it involves many tests and parameters to consider. A system which is well trained with efficient data can be useful in real life, so that diagnosis of hepatitis can be performed at the ease of home.