Showing papers on "Heterodera avenae published in 2012"

First Report of the Cereal Cyst Nematode Heterodera latipons on Wheat in Morocco

Abstract: From May to June 2011, during a survey of the wheat-growing areas in Meknes in the Sais Region of Morocco, several cyst nematode populations were detected. Sampling was performed 1 month before wheat (Triticum durum) harvest, in fields showing patches of stunted plants. Plants were growing poorly, had chlorotic lower leaves, and a reduced numbers of ears. Root systems were short and had a bushy appearance because of increased secondary root production. No cysts were visible on the roots, but were found in the soil. Cysts were collected from soil on 200-μm sieves by the modified Cobb decanting and sieving method (1) and identified by morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-rDNA sequencing. All isolates were identified as Heterodera avenae except the isolate from Ain Jemâa. From the latter, key morphological features from cysts and second-stage juveniles (J2) were determined. The cysts (n = 10) had the following characteristics: bifenestrate vulval cone, body length without neck 590 μm (551 to 632 μm), body width 393 μm (310 to 490 μm), neck length 75 μm (65 to 90 μm), fenestra length 64 μm (60 to 72 μm) and width 21 μm (18 to 25 μm), underbridge length 96 μm (85 to 115 μm), vulval slit length 8 μm (7 to 9 μm), vulva bridge width 27 μm (24 to 33 μm), and bullae absent. The J2s (n = 10) had the following characteristics: body length 445 μm (412 to 472 μm), body width 19 μm (19 to 21 μm), stylet length 24 μm (23 to 25 μm), four lateral lines, tail length 50 μm (46 to 54 μm), and hyaline terminal tail 28 μm (24 to 31 μm). Values of the morphological characters were within the range of H. latipons reported by Handoo (3). The bifenestrate cysts with a strong underbridge and no bullae and J2 with a tail length greater than 40 μm, a stylet longer than 15 μm, and four incisures in the lateral field were typical for H. latipons. To confirm the identification, molecular observations were made. DNA was extracted from three juveniles from three different cysts separately (4). The ITS-rDNA region was amplified using the primers 5'-CGT AAC AAG GTA GCT GTA G-3' and 5'-TCC TCC GCT AAA TGA TAT G-3' as described by Ferris et al. (2). This resulted in a 1,040-bp DNA fragment. The PCR-products were purified and sequenced (Macrogen, Inc., Seoul, Korea). All sequences obtained (GenBank Accession Nos. per cyst: JQ319035, JQ319036, and JQ319037) were compared with sequences available from the GenBank database ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ), including several species of Heterodera. This comparison revealed a sequence similarity of 97 to 99% with H. latipons and 89% or lower with any other species of Heterodera. Morphological and molecular identification demonstrated that the population of cyst nematodes from a wheat field in Ain Jemâa, Morocco was H. latipons. In the patches with poor growing plants, 65 cysts per 100 cm3 soil were found. To our knowledge, this detection represents a new record of H. latipons. Since the nematode can cause considerable damage to wheat, one of the main cereals produced in Morocco, care should be taken to prevent the spread to other regions. References: (1) K. R. Barker. Page 19 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol II. Methodology. C. C. Carter and J. N. Sasser, eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, 1985. (2) V. R. Ferris et al. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 16:177, 1993. (3) Z. A. Handoo. J. Nematol. 34:250, 2002. (4) M. Holterman et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23:1792, 2006.

Identification and molecular characterization of a new β-1,4-endoglucanase gene (Ha-eng-1a) in the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae

Abstract: Secretory proteins encoded by genes expressed in the pharyngeal gland cells of plant-parasitic nematodes have key roles in nematode parasitism of plants. A new β-1,4-endoglucanase gene (designated Ha-eng-1a) was isolated from the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae. The cDNA of Ha-eng-1a encoded a deduced 463-amino acid sequence containing a catalytic domain and a cellulose binding module separated by a linker. The genomic DNA of Ha-eng-1a is 2,129-bp long, containing eight introns ranging from 56 bp to157 bp and nine exons ranging from 70 bp to 299 bp. Southern blot analysis revealed that the Ha-eng-1a gene has two copies. In situ hybridization showed that the Ha-eng-1a transcriptsspecifically accumulated in the two subventral gland cells of the second-stage juveniles. There was evidence for cellulase activity of the recombinant protein Ha-eng-1a in vitro. The results indicated that this β-1,4-endoglucanase gene may play a crucial role in plant cell wall-degradation during penetration and migration of nematodes in the host roots.

Influence of Nematicides and Fungicides on Spring Wheat in Fields Infested with Soilborne Pathogens

Abstract: A complex of fungal soilborne pathogens and plant-parasitic nematodes reduces wheat yields in the Pacific Northwest. On several other crops in nematode-infested soils, seed treatment with abamectin (Avicta) or Bacillus firmus (Votivo) or foliar application of spirotetramat (Movento) reduced root injury and improved yield. These products, along with fungicide seed treatments and aldicarb (Temik), were evaluated in 13 spring wheat trials over 3 years. During 2011, the mean wheat yield at four locations was 419 kg/ha greater (valued at $122/ha) from seed treated with fungicides and insecticide than from untreated seed, due to protection against soilborne fungal pathogens. Aldicarb increased the mean grain yield over the fungicide-plus-insecticide treatment by another 798 kg/ha (valued at $254/ha) and also reduced the density of Heterodera avenae but is not registered for use on wheat. Abamectin and B. firmus had negligible effects on grain yield and postharvest density of Pratylenchus spp. and H. av...

Molecular characterization of cereal cyst nematodes from the South Anatolian Region in Turkey using ITS-rDNA sequences

Abstract: Summary The Heterodera avenae group includes 12 species feeding on roots of cereals. Three species, Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924, Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter, 1984 and Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 are among the most economically important cyst nematode pests of cereals cultivated in different parts of Turkey. In this study, forty seven cereal cyst nematode isolates collected from cereal growing areas of the South

Foliar application of chemical elicitors induces biochemical changes in wheat against the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae

Abstract: The quantitative estimation of the defence related enzymes peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and lipoxygenase (LOX) was carried out following the foliar application of three synthetic elicitor molecules namely, DL-β-amino-n butyric acid (BABA) (at 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 μg/ml), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) (at 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml). These chemicals induced resistance responses against the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae. The enzyme activity increased 5 days after inoculation of H. avenae. The percent increase or decrease of the enzyme activity of LOX, PO, PPO and PAL over the control was in the range 10-270%.

Rapid Molecular Diagnosis Based on SCAR Marker System for Cereal Cyst Nematode

Abstract: 【Objective】 The objective of this study is to build a SCAR marker system for rapid molecular detection of cereal cyst nematode(Heterodera avenae) from mixtures of different nematodes.【Method】 With the method of RAPD and SCAR,a single-step PCR was used to specially detect H.avenae.【Result】 Using the SCAR marker system established in this study,the target fragment was amplified from the DNA templates of H.avenae only,from other 8 species including 32 populations.The SCAR marker system could detect cysts and the J2 of H.avenae,and the specific fragment could be clearly identified when the dilution was 1/2000 of a cyst or 1/80 of a J2 for all replicates.【Conclusion】 The establishment of the SCAR marker system for rapid molecular detection of H.avenae can be used to detect the H.avenae from the mixed nematode samples rapidly,and the detection is accurate and highly sensitive.

In vitro nematicidal activity of a terrestrial cyanobacterium, Synechococcus nidulans, towards plant-parasitic nematodes

Abstract: The nematicidal activity of a terrestrial cyanobacterium, Synechococcus nidulans, was investigated. Extracts of S. nidulans cultures collected at weekly intervals for 5 weeks were sonicated and tested against second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. Extracts of 2-week-old cultures caused the maximum immobility (94.2%) and mortality (29.3%) of J2, compared with controls (medium and water). This extract was tested in vitro against infective stages and hatch of M. graminicola, Heterodera cajani, H. avenae and Rotylenchulus reniformis. Extracts of sonicated S. nidulans caused a mean immobility in the range of 91.3-98.4% in infective stages of the nematodes, with no significant difference with an increase in exposure time from 24 to 72 h. The greatest mean percentage mortality was observed in M. graminicola (31.5%) followed by M. incognita (29.3%), H. avenae (20.9%), and R. reniformis and H. cajani (both 17.4%) with a significant increase with the period of exposure from 24 to 72 h. No significant differences in mortality were observed between M. graminicola and M. incognita and between H. avenae and H. cajani. The percentage hatch inhibition over control (water) was greatest in M. incognita (94.2%), followed by H. avenae (91.6%), H. cajani (72.3%) and M. graminicola (70.6%), and least in R. reniformis (58.6%).

Identification of a putative expansin gene expressed in the subventral glands of the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae

Abstract: Parasitism genes encoding secretory proteins expressed in the pharyngeal glands of plant-parasitic nematodes play important roles in the parasitic process. A new expansin gene (Ha-expb1) expressed in the subventral glands of the sedentary cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, was cloned. Southern blot analysis suggested that Ha-expb1 is a member of a multigene family. The deduced protein Ha-EXPB1 consists of a signal peptide, a CBM II and an expansin domain, and was significantly similar to expansins and expansin-like proteins from the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, and the pine wood nematodes, Bursaphelenchus spp. In situ hybridisation showed that Ha-expb1 transcript specifically accumulated in the two subventral gland cells of the second-stage juveniles. Developmental expression confirmed that its transcript abundances were high in the motile juvenile stages and low in the sedentary stage of the nematode, implying a role in the early parasitic-stage process, most likely in aiding migration within the plant.

Cloning and characterization of two neuropeptide genes from cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avanae from India.

Abstract: The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber, 1924) is one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes of cereals. It is an obligate sedentary endo parasite causing considerable crop losses in wheat, barley and oats worldwide. FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) play critical role as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the nervous system and proposed as one of the important targets for the plant parasitic nematode management. Therefore, for the first time we have cloned and characterized two neuropeptide genes (flp-12 and flp-16) from the cDNA library of feeding female of H. avenae. Sequence analysis of FLPs revealed that both the neuropeptides are closely related with the parasitic as well as free-living nematodes. The flp-12 contains putative 22 residue long signal peptide at N-terminal suggesting its association with extra-cellular functions, while flp-16 does not contain signal peptide. Besides this, we have found highly conserved motif KFEFIRF in flp-12 and RFGK motif in flp-16. These two flp genes could be interesting and potential targets for functional validation to explore their utility for designing management strategies.

Pathotype determination of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber, 1924) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Turkey

Abstract: Dogu Akdeniz Bolgesi'nde Tahil kist nematodu, Heterodera avenae patotiplerinin belirlenmesi amaciyla Karlik (Adana-Saricam), Imece (Hatay-Kirikhan) ve Besaslan (Hatay-Reyhanli) populasyonlari kullanilmistir. H. avenae’nin patotipleri “Uluslararasi konukcu tahil test ayirim materyalleri” kullanilarak arastirilmistir. Bu materyaller icerisinde bulunan, yirmi adet arpa, alti adet yulaf ve alti adet bugday cesit ve hatlari ile dort kontrol hatti (milan, seri, silverstar ve croc) denemeye alinmistir. Test materyalleri icerisinde dayaniklilik genleri (Rha”E”, Rha1, Rha2, Rha3, Cre1) tasiyan ve dayanikli geni tasimayan cesit ve hatlara karsi, denemeye alinan 3 populasyonun gosterdigi reaksiyon esas alinarak gruplandirilmistir. Calisma sonuclarina gore, Rha1 ve Rha3 genleri tasiyan materyaller dayaniklilik gostermesine karsin, Rha2 ve Cre1 genleri tasiyanlar ayni tepkiyi gostermemistir. Sonuc olarak konukcu test ayrim hatlari genellikle benzer reaksiyonlar gostermis ve denemeye alinan 3 populasyonun da ayni patotip, Ha1 grubundan Ha21 oldugu saptanmistir. Bu sonuclar Turkiye’de H. avanea patotipinin belirlenmesi acisindan ilk kayit niteligindedir.

Morphological and molecular characterization of cereal cyst nematode ( Heterodera avenae ) populations from arid environments

Abstract: The morphological and molecular characteristics of four cereal cyst nematode ( Heterodera avenae ) populations collected from the Qassim, Tabouk, Riyadh, and Hail regions, Saudi Arabia were comparatively investigated. A large number of soil samples were collected from a representative field (72 ha) in each region. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of the populations were determined. Morphometric data were subjected to multivariate canonical discriminant analysis to analyze the relationship between the studied populations and to identify the variables that show the highest multiple correlations with these populations. For molecular characterization, DNA was extracted and purified from five random white females from each population. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) regions were subjected to direct sequencing to study the diversity of these populations. Discriminant analysis of the morphometric traits indicated that the studied populations belong to one species ( H. avenae ). The ITS1 sequence alignments showed similarity between individuals, ranging from 87 to 99%. Based on the sequencing data, consensus parsimonious and maximum likelihood trees showed an overlap between the individuals of the four populations, suggesting that all four populations represented one species. However, based on the morphological and molecular analysis, the Hail population was somewhat different from the other three populations. Minor genetic and phenotypic differences between the four populations could indicate that these populations are heterogenic, probably mixed populations. This study also revealed the value of some J 2

Evaluation of Wheat Varieties for Resistance against Pratylenchus thornei and Effect of Sowing Dates on its Reproduction

Abstract: Twenty varieties/lines of Triticum aestivum and T. durum were tested against Pratylenchus thornei and effect of sowing dates of wheat was studied on reproduction of this nematode under screen house conditions. Inoculation was done @ 200 nematodes per 1 kg pot on 7 to10-day-old plants. Nematode population in soil plus root was estimated three months after inoculation. On the basis of reproduction factor (Rf = Pf/Pi) varieties and lines were categorised as resistant (Rf <1) or susceptible (Rf e”1). Of the 20 varieties/lines, AUS 15854, PBW 343, PBW 550, Raj MR 1, Raj 3765, CIMMYT line CROC_1/AE. SQUARROSA (224)//OPATA, WH 542, WH 896 and WHD 943 were rated as resistant where as varieties C 306, DBW 16, DBW 17, PBW 373, UP 2425, WH 147, WH 711, WH 912, WH 1021, WH 1025 and WH 1080 were rated as susceptible. All the three known sources of resistance against Heterodera avenae viz. AUS 15854, CIMMYT line and Raj MR 1 were also found resistant to P. thornei. No lesions or browning was discernible on roots of inoculated plants. Final population and reproduction factor of P. thornei increased with the delay in sowing from 30th October to 5th December.

Effect of different factors on number of Heterodera avenae cysts produced on the wheat

Abstract: The criterion of wheat resistance to Heterodera avenae was based on the number of the cysts produced on the roots.To optimize the evaluation technique on wheat resistance to Heterodera avenae effect of soil texture,times of inoculation,inoculum densities and seeding age on the number of H.avenae cysts formed on the roots were evaluated in the Lab.The results showed the highest number of cysts was produced in the wheat planted in sandy clay loam;although the number of cysts produced with 4 times of inoculation was higher than those with 1-3 times of inoculation,its resistant reaction was not significantly influenced by the times of inoculation based on the resistance criterion.A set of cultivars with different resistance could be effectively differentiated at the density of 1000 second stage juveniles(J2) per plant.The numbers of cysts in wheat inoculated in 3-6 d after sowing is higher than those in 9-15 d.We suggest that to obtain an optimum evaluation technique for wheat resistance to H.avenae the wheat should be planted in a sandy clay loam soil and 1000 J2 were inoculated in 3-6 d after sowing.

Interactions between heterodera avenae and fusarium culmorum on yield components of wheat, nematode reproduction and crown rot severity [interacción entre heterodera avenae y fusarium culmorum sobre componentes de la producción del trigo, reproducción del nematodo y severidad de la podredumbre del cuello]

Abstract: Hassan, Gh. A., Kh. Al-Assas, and T. Abou Al-Fadil. 2012. Interactions between Heterodera avenae and Fusarium culmorum on yield components of wheat, nematode reproduction and crown rot severity. Nematropica 42:260-266. The interactions between Heterodera avenae and Fusarium culmorum on growth and yield components of durum wheat cv. Sham 3, H. avenae reproduction and crown rot severity were studied in a plastic house experiment. Grain yield reduction caused by the treatment H. avenae alone and F. culmorum alone was 12.3 and 25.5% respectively. The simultaneous inoculation of H. avenae and F. culmorum resulted in 38.4% reduction, indicating an additive effect of yield losses due to the two pathogens. A synergistic interaction was found when the nematode was added one month before the fungus, where the grain yield reduction (43.8%) exceeded the sum of individual loss caused by the nematode and fungus alone. The interaction was antagonistic when the fungus was added one month before the nematode, which caused a reduction in grain yield (33.3%) less than the sum of individual loss caused by the nematode and fungus alone. The interaction of nematode and fungus resulted in decreasing final population densities for the nematode especially when the fungus was added one month before the nematode. The highest fungus infection severity (2.8) and disease index (91.7%) was observed when the nematode was added one month before the fungus. Hassan, Gh. A., Kh. Al-Assas, and T. Abou Al-Fadil. 2012. Interaccion entre Heterodera avenae y Fusarium culmorum sobre componentes de la produccion del trigo, reproduccion del nematodo y severidad de la podredumbre del cuello. Nematropica 42:260-266. Se estudio el efecto de la interaccion entre Heterodera avenae y Fusarium culmorum sobre el crecimiento y componentes de produccion del trigo durum cv. Sham 3, la reproduccion de H. avenae y la severidad de la podredumbre del cuello en un experimento llevado a cabo en un invernadero de plastico. La reduccion de la produccion de grano causada por los tratamientos H. avenae y F. culmorum aplicados individualmente fue 12.3 and 25.5% respectivamente. La inoculacion simultanea de H. avenae y F. culmorum resulto en una reduccion 38.4% indicando un efecto aditivo sobre las perdidas de produccion debido a los dos patogenos. Se encontro una interaccion sinergica cuando el nematodo se anadio un mes antes que el hongo y la reduccion de la produccion de grano fue 43.8%, lo cual excedia a la suma individual de las perdidas causadas por cada uno de los patogenos. La interaccion fue de antagonismo cuando el hongo se anadio un mes antes que el nematodo, lo que dio lugar a una reduccion de la produccion de grano del 33.3%, menor que la suma individual de las perdidas causada por los patogenos individualmente. La interaccion entre el nematodo y el hongo resulto en un descenso de las densidades de la poblacion final del nematodo, especialmente cuando el hongo se anadio un mes antes que el nematodo. La mayor severidad de la infeccion causada por el hongo (2.8) y el indice de enfermedad (91.7%) se observo cuando el nematodo se anadio un mes antes que el hongo.

A fluidizing column for extracting cysts of Heterodera avenae from soil

Abstract: Smiley, R. W. 2012. A fluidizing column for extracting cysts of Heterodera avenae from soil. Plant Dis. 96:820-826. The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae can be extracted from soil using several different floatation or elutriation methods. Automated methods are prohibitively expensive for use in small labs and, for optimal efficiency, floatation methods require that the soil be air dried for an extended period. A method which suspends soil particles in a water column above a fluidizing plate was reported as being most efficient with wet and dry soils. Use of the fluidizing column for extracting H. avenae has not been reported in the United States and materials to construct the column using contemporary components have not been described. Objectives of this research were to construct a column with components available in the United States, and to compare numbers of cysts and eggs plus juveniles (from cysts) extracted by the column and three other floatation methods: Fenwick can, flask, and Cobb sieving. From a soil containing recently produced (more dense) cysts, the column extracted at least 18% more cysts and 23% more eggs plus juveniles than the Fenwick and flask methods. The fluidizing column was found to be useful for small laboratories because it is inexpensive ($253 for two columns), easily and quickly constructed by nonprofessional labor, and produces adequately repeatable results. Heteroderid cysts have been extracted from soil using a wide array of equipment and procedures, ranging from automated continuous elutriation methods to collection of cysts separated from soil by flotation in water-filled buckets or flasks (20). Construction of equipment for automated methods used by large commercial and public-sector nematology laboratories is prohibitively expensive for small laboratories that process relatively few samples. However, simple flotation procedures often have low uniformity among repetitions and also produce extracts containing cysts amongst large amounts of organic debris (9). Some flotation procedures are more efficient after field soils have been air dried for time periods as long as 3 months (12), causing it to be difficult to attain higher levels of precision in a timely manner. Likewise, flotation procedures are generally less efficient for extracting new cysts than lessdense older cysts, which contain a higher proportion of air (2). Although cysts can be separated from the debris using densitygradient procedures combined with centrifugation, those procedures often rely upon the availability of a centrifuge and they often reduce the hatching efficiency of eggs that are subsequently released from cysts (17,18), making density-gradient separations undesirable when eggs or juveniles are intended to be used as inoculum. The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae occurs in at least

Isolation and characterization of a candidate gene for resistance to cereal cyst nematode from Aegilops variabilis in China

Abstract: Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) ( Heterodera avenae Woll.) is one of the most economically damaging endoparasite pests of wheat worldwide. We isolated and characterized a novel cereal CCN resistance candidate gene, CreV8 , from Aegilops variabilis (2n = 28, UUSvSv). The gene was 3,568 bp long and showed high nucleotide similarity with the known nematode resistance genes Cre3, CreZ, and go35 . CreV8 consisted of two exons, one intron and a complete ORF of 2,763 bp. The deduced peptide sequence consisted of 920 amino acid residues and shared 97.83% amino acid identity with Cre3. The sequence harbored a signal peptide domain, a nucleotide-binding ARC (NB-ARC) domain, and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, all of which are typical characteristics of resistance genes. We proposed the resistance mechanism of CreV8 based on functional analysis and predictions from its conserved domains and tertiary structure. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that CreV8 was expressed in CCN-inoculated roots of resistant plants, and its expression levels were 2.80 and 27.45 times higher than that in the untreated control at 3 and 11 days post-inoculation, respectively. These results indicate that CreV8 belongs to the nucleotide binding site (NBS)-LRR resistance gene family and that it is a candidate CCN-resistance gene. Key words : Aegilops variabilis , CreV8, cereal cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera avenae, tertiary structure.

Localización cromosómica de cuatro genes de peroxidasa de Clase III en trigo

Abstract: In a previous work, deduced amino acid sequences from twenty wheat peroxidase genes were assigned to seven groups desig- nated as TaPrx108 to TaPrx114. Some of these apoplastic peroxidases have previously shown to play different roles in the plant defense re - sponses to infection by the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae. In the present study, PCR marker analysis using Sears's aneuploid wheat lines cv. 'Chinese Spring' was used to locate four genes encoding per- oxidase isozymes. The TaPrx111-A, TaPrx112-D and TaPrx113-F genes were located on the short arm of chromosome 2B and the TaPrx109-C on the long arm of chromosome 1B. These results would agree with the synteny between wheat and rice chromosomes previ- ously established in other studies.

Cromosomal location of four genes encoding Class III peroxidases in wheat

Abstract: In a previous work, deduced amino acid sequences from twenty wheat peroxidase genes were assigned to seven groups designated as TaPrx108 to TaPrx114. Some of these apoplastic peroxidases have previously shown to play different roles in the plant defense responses to infection by the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae. In the present study, PCR marker analysis using Sears’s aneuploid wheat lines cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ was used to locate four genes encoding peroxidase isozymes. The TaPrx111-A, TaPrx112-D and TaPrx113-F genes were located on the short arm of chromosome 2B and the TaPrx109-C on the long arm of chromosome 1B. These results would agree with the synteny between wheat and rice chromosomes previously established in other studies.