Showing papers on "Human migration published in 1986"

Remittances and Inequality

Abstract: In this paper the authors propose a framework and develop techniques for analyzing the impact of migrant remittances on the distribution of rural income by size and subsequently its impact on rural welfare. Household data are used to assign numerical coefficients to the impact of net remittances from both internal and international migrants on income inequality in 2 Mexican villages. The impact of migrant remittances on the distribution of rural income by size depends critically on the degree to which migration opportunities become diffused through the village population on the returns to human capital embodied in remittances and on the distribution of potentially remittance-enhancing skills and education across village households. Our empirical findings demonstrate that in a village where many households contain internal migrants but few have experience migrating to the U.S. remittances from Mexico-to-US migrants have an unequalizing impact on village incomes while remittances from internal migrants have a favorable effect on the village income distribution. By contrast in a village with a long historyh of sending migrants to the US and hence a more ready access to US labor markets US-to-Mexico remittances have an equalizing impact on incomes. Remittances from internal migrants in this village however embody a large human capital component and are highly correlated with household income. Hence internal migrant remittances account for a comparatively large share of inequalities in the 2nd village. The overall effect of remittances on income inequality is favorable in both villages. Migration type migration stage and interaction terms all appear to play a role in this context. The effects of small changes in remittances upon income inequality and rural welfare in the 2 villages are explored and some implications for migration and rural development policy are considered. (authors modified)

The Social Organization of Mexican Migration to the United States

Abstract: Migration between Mexico and the United States is supported by social networks that link sending communities with specific work sites in the United States. This article uses a combination of ethnographic and survey methods to study how these networks develop and how they facilitate the migrant enterprise. Migrant networks are based on the bonds of kinship, friendship, and paisanaje, which are reinforced through frequent contact in voluntary organizations. Over time, as networks develop and mature, migration becomes self-sustaining. The maturation of migrant networks in western Mexico after 1965 helps to explain the sharp rise in Mexican migration to the United States during the 1970s.

Impact of workers' remittances from the Middle East on Pakistan's economy: some selected issues.

Abstract: An attempt is made to clarify concepts identify issues and point out lacks in data relating to the impact of workers remittances from the Middle East on the economy of Pakistan. As Pakistan is among the few countries which include workers remittances separately in their gross national income estimates the starting point of the discussion is the basic national income accounting identities. The important distinction in the identities outlined is between national and domestic savings and the financing of investment. Attention is directed in some detail to the period after 1976-77 when workers remittances from Middle East countries began to have a significant impact on the domestic economy. Tables 1-7 show both the impact of remittances in terms of balance-of-payments support and the behavior of the overall economy and its major sectors during this period. These main features are summarized: a dramatic 6-fold increase in remittances from the Middle East occurred from US $434 million in1976-77 to US $2344 million in 1982-83 followed by a decline and then a slight increase between 1984-85 and 1985-86; as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) workers remittances from the Middle East increased from 3.16% in 1976-77 to a peak of 9.39% in 1982-83 followed by a decline; at its peak in 1982-83 remittances from the Middle East contributed as much as 75% to the overall balance of trade and financed 35% of the merchandise imports and non-factor services; despite the substantial increase in the level of imports made possible by remittances there was no significant change in the level of investment as a percentage of gross national product (GNP) during this period; gross domestic savings declined sharply during the 1977-78 to 1985-86 period as compared with those in the earlier periods but the level of gross national savings increased significantly and was double the domestic saving rate during this period; and the decline in the capital output ratio after 1976-77 was so steep from 3.57 between 1970-71 and 1975-76 to 2.5 between 1976-77 and 1985-86 that it may cast doubt on the estimates of either investment or of output growth in the last period. The contribution of remittances to the balance of payment and gross national saving emerges from the analysis but what has not been investigated specifically is its impact on sectoral growth rate of output and investment. Within the context of extreme data constraints an effort is made to relate the macro with the micro studies to obtain some sense of the issues involved. The inclusion of workers remittances in national income account poses some problems in terms of interpretation of the conventional national income accounting identies used. Finally the use of remittances tend to suggest that they may not have been used as wastefully as the general impression suggests.

On migration patterns in India during the 1970s.

Abstract: This paper examines movements between the rural and urban sectors in India using both the 1981 and the 1971 data to compare trends during the 1970s with those in the 1980s. The censuses collected information on duration of residence which allows the separation of short-term and long-term migrants. While only a portion of total mobility can be captured by the census sufficient data are available for India to paint a reasonably detailed picture of changing sectoral patterns over time. The Indian case can be drawn into a more general context to provide insight into how migration patterns change in response to development and to characterize the role of short-term mobility within the overall trends of migration in developing countries. This paper also highlights many of the difficulties inherent in analyzing migration patterns purely from census data. Although rural-to-rural migration was still the dominant type of movement in 1981 there was a reduction in the relative importance of the rural-to-rural stream from 1961-1971 to 1971-1981. The pattern of intersate migration which excludes many of the short-distance migrants is quite different. At this level rural-to-rural migration is not nearly so important and the 2 intersectoral flows of almost equal importance in 1981 were rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban. The net addition to the urban areas due to migration in 1971-1981 was about 9.4 million and that for 1961-1971 some 5.7 million. Although the evidence is fragmentary it seems likely that in the India of the 1960s a system of stage migration was operating similar to that originally described by Ravenstein with local movement to regional urban centers accompainied by movement out of the regional centers to the largest towns. The most marked feature of migration change from the 1960s to the 1970s was the increasing participation of women in all the flows. A 2nd clear trend suggests that the longer a migrant male or female has been at a destination the greater the probability that he or she will continue to survive there.

Education, Earnings, and Migration in Indonesia

Abstract: In this investigation of migration in Indonesia and its determinants the authors assert that "Java is best characterized as an equilibrium system in which migration flows are sufficiently responsive to differential geographic emergence of opportunities to prevent large earning differentials from becoming established." They compare the earnings of those who have migrated to urban areas with the earnings of rural residents identify major characteristics of migrants and rural residents and assess differential migration rates on the basis of these characteristics. The findings show sharp differences in propensities for rural-urban migration by age sex and education. The authors conclude that "the key variable that can influence the [migration] flows is the location of job creation with specific education and/or skill requirements." The analysis is based on data from a 1973 survey of migration in Java conducted by the National Institute of Economics and Social Research in Indonesia. (EXCERPT)

International migration, remittances and economic welfare in the source country.

Abstract: This article provides a formal framework for the analysis of the impact of international migration in the presence of remittances. The discussion differentiates between temporary and permanent migration and between the effects of remittances that raise investment and those that raise consumption spending in the source country. Changes in prices, income distribution and national welfare are examined.

Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience:

Abstract: During the 1960s and early 1970s, Turkey participated heavily in the process of labor migration from the Mediterranean basin to Western Europe. In addition to the policy preferences of advanced industrial European states and the demand for jobs in Europe by large numbers of Turks, Turkey's migration policies played a significant role in the expansion of the migratory flow. Turkish policymakers sought to use labor migration abroad to fulfill several objectives such as reducing unemployment and increasing the volume of foreign-exchange reserves through remittances. The migration of Turkish workers to Western Europe produced some significant results concerning these primary objectives. The policy of exporting workers, however, has also had important unintended consequences and problems for Turkey.

Regional impacts of migrants' expenditures : an input‑output/vacancy‑chain approach

Abstract: Migration of human beings may have substantial effects on the region of origin the region of destination the nation as a whole as well as on the migrant. Not all aspects of migration however have been given equal attention. In economic theories migration is often seen as an equilibrating mechanism between regional labor markets. However empirical studies by means of simultaneous-equations models often show contradictory or insignificant relations between migration and (un)employment which is possibly due to the rather aggregated nature of these macro models. Hence a disaggregated approach seems to be preferred. In this paper part of the relation between migration and (un)employment is studied. We will focus on the employment effects of migrants expenditures including the population related government employment which is not actually paid for. A general theoretical framework is developed and applied to a case study for the northern region of the Netherlands. First the expenditures are attributed to 28 industrial sectors. Next the employment effects of the extra final demand are calculated by means of an extended input-output model. The classical model with consumption function does not take into account the interaction with the labor market. Therefore such a model is extended with a labor market model. Vacancy chains are modeled which makes it possible to reckon with sector specific wage rates and the institutional relations of the social security system. The latter is important because the endogenous increase in labor incomes of those who fill the newly created jobs has to be corrected for the social security benefits which they lose. The calculated indirect employment effects of migrants expenditures are compared with the direct effect on labor supply and the results indicate that on the average the expenditures of 2 employed migrants which are accompanied with 4 non-active migrants create 1 additional manyear of employment in the study region. Finally some policy conclusions are drawn. (authors)

Regional inequality, migration and development: the case of Zimbabwe.

Abstract: The relationship between internal migration and development in Zimbabwe is analyzed. The author suggests that current migration trends can only be understood in the context of the countrys colonial past in which a contrast in levels of development existed between the central areas dominated by European settlement and the peripheral zones of mainly African settlement. Accelerating migration to urban areas following independence and policy changes designed to accelerate the transformation to a more socialist economy are increasing the problems of regional inequality.

Hong Kong and its hinterland: a case of international rural-to-urban migration?

Abstract: The historical background of migration to Hong Kong from China is reviewed. The focus is however on the wave of migration that occurred in the late 1970s. Two distinct streams of migration are identified legal and illegal each with different characteristics. Data are primarily from official Hong Kong sources. The author notes the high levels of education among immigrants and the relative ease with which they have been absorbed into the labor force. "Political conditions in China are seen to be a major factor in explaining fluctuations in the volume of migration to Hong Kong. No relaxation of controls on future movement is seen as Hong Kong becomes part of China." (EXCERPT)

Blacks move back to the South

Abstract: The author presents an overview of trends in the migration of blacks to and from the southern United States. Attention is given to regions of origin and destination and to changing patterns over time. The focus is on internal migration. (ANNOTATION)

International migration in Western Europe since 1973: developments, mechanisms and controls.

Abstract: This presentation describes the development of migration to and from Western Europe and seeks to determine to what extent such immigration and return migration movements are influenced by governmental action and regulation. It is observed that the basic factors determining immigration and return migration flows are the characteristics of the migrants themselves policies of the receiving countries and economic conditions in the sending and receiving countries. Data comparing alien populations and migration trends in selected European countries are provided (EXCERPT)

Sri lanka's experience with international contract migration and the reintegration of return migrants

Abstract: ILO pub. Working paper on migrant workers from Sri Lanka and their social integration upon return migration to their home country - discusses the international migration of contract labour, duration of employment in host country, skills acquired, wages, savings and remittances; considers migration policy, especially a vocational training and credit system encouraging returnees to become self employed. References, statistical tables. Restricted.

Migration Across Time and Nations: Population Mobility in Historical Contexts

Abstract: This volume contains papers presented at the session on "History Models and Methods in Migration Research" at the 1982 International Economic History Congress in Budapest. In the 19th and 20th centuries North and South America provided the great stage for the migration drama where migration assumed extraordinary dimensions and where it left a legacy of social and economic problems that are still relevant for out time. The migration phenomenon assumes its most dramatic form in the US where rapid economic growth due to historically high ratios of labor productivity and capital accumulation in the 19th Century provided an extraordinary impulse to immigration. Migration in the US is considered from 3 perspectives: 1) in terms of the flows of groups or individuals coming from Europe; 2) in terms of the status and occupation of the emigrants in their country of origion; and 3) in terms of the status they attained in the US. In addition to the studies that illustrate the migration process in various countries others offer information on source materials on new methods and technics in the field as well as critical surveys of the migration literature for many of the countries under study. International migration international demographic movements and assimilation of migrant populations in their new place of settlement provide over a long period the real key to the understanding of society and in particular to the comprehension of American society. The multiplication of these studies will confirm the conviction that population movements have been responsible in every epoch of the world for the rebirth of society unleashing new and powerful energies over immense spaces so that weary peoples might satisfy basic human needs.

From Bamako, with love: a case study of migrants and their remittances.

Abstract: Recent changes in migration patterns in Mali are analyzed. The author notes that dependence on the additional income from labor migration has increased as employment opportunities abroad have declined with a resulting pressure on internal destinations particularly the capital city of Bamako. A trend away from temporary toward permanent migration to the city is noted. A continued attachment to the place of origin including the sending of remittances is observed. (ANNOTATION)

Migratory circuits in western Mexico

Abstract: The author examines patterns of internal and international migration in western Mexico. "Drawing on data from different sources and statistics the essay demonstrates the importance of both types of migration the changes in endogenous and exogenous factors which have affected the life and the migratory patterns of the population of this region. The migratory circuit being a flow not only of persons but of goods and capital as well the cities specifically that of Guadalajara have a strategic importance. They fulfill various functions and have become the backbone of the migratory process: they serve as centers for attracting and hosting internal migrants as well as places of origin for other migrants; jumping-off points for international migrants; and the milieu in which many returning migrants of rural origin settle." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE) (EXCERPT)

Migration and rural development in the Caribbean.

Abstract: The relationship between migration and agricultural development in the Caribbean is examined. The data collected by survey concern the islands of Nevis Montserrat and Saint Lucia. The results show that migration is not associated with agricultural innovation or the use of specific technical inputs and that it frequently has a negative impact on agricultural productivity and attitudes toward farming. (ANNOTATION)

Post-war labour migration in Western Europe: an overview.

Abstract: The author outlines trends in labor migration in Europe since World War II and discusses changes in migration policy. Attention is given to policies toward foreigners during economic recessions and to the components of change in the foreign population. Freedom of movement among the member states of the European Community is discussed and likely future developments are considered. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (ANNOTATION)

Migration and its effect on the family.

Abstract: The number of Indians undertaking internal and international migration is increasing consistently over a period of time though the proportion of migrants to the total population is realitivly low in India. This paper examines the volume and streams of internal and international migration and attempts to estimate the incidence of conjual seperation. The impact of migration of the family is assessed in the context of conjugal seperation and also in those situations where the entire family moves out of the place of origin. The migration of men only tends to lower fertility created disciplinary in children and possibly psychosomatic illnesses in wives and adds to the instability of the family. When the entire family migrates the impact of the move is felt by all members of the family. Educated migrants and their families find it easier to adjust to city life. Gains often includes higher status for women lesser attention paid to purdah and better health and educational facilities. Migrants have lower fertility than attheir place of origin but higher fertility than other urban dwellers. The families of Indian migrants to Gulf States need to adjust to a large number of social constraints. Practicing the Hindu religion is difficult and often done in private. Foreigners are encouraged to live apa

Migratie en arbeidsmarkt

Abstract: Human migration has long been an issue of major interest in regional science, economics and geography. This interest is quite understandable because migration can have substantial effects on the region of origin, the region of destination, and the nation as a whole, as well as on the migrant. Not all aspects of migration, however, have been given equal attention...

Perceptions of return migration and rural development: A case study of migrant views prior to the lifting of influx control measures∗

Abstract: Until recently circulatory migration was entrenched in legislation controlling the influx control of labour to South African centres of employment. Research conducted among urban‐based male migrants in 1983/84 revealed that a majority held an ideal conception of migration which was consistent with the prescribed pattern of that period. Subjects’ projections of successful return migration was typically conservative rather than innovative or development‐oriented. However, research results intimated that landless migrants would contemplate deviation from the circular pattern of migration. The conclusion is drawn that South African labour migrancy may undergo a major shift in paradigm in future, particularly in areas where rural resources are overstressed. These conclusions gain new significance in the light of the recent abolition of influx control legislation.

Between Western Europe and the Middle East: changing patterns of Turkish labour migration.

Abstract: The authors examine Turkish labor migration to Western Europe prior to 1973 and to the Middle East since that date "The growth organization and characteristics of these two phases in Turkish migration history are compared and contrasted Particular emphasis is paid to the patterns of migrant worker origin and rates of emigration in the two periods During the period 1961-73 the pattern of migration was dominated by the metropolitan and developed areas of Western Turkey The re-direction of migration to Saudi Arabia Libya and Iraq has been accompanied by a contraction and eastward shift in the main areas of migrant origins Developments in the pattern of migrant worker origins are related to changes in the skill composition of the migrants and the mechanisms of the migration process Opportunities for the employment of Turkish workers in the Arab world appear to have peaked and although it has produced some short-term financial advantages it has had little effect on Turkeys employment problems" (SUMMARY IN FRE AND TUR) (EXCERPT)

From structural push to chain migration: notes on the persistence of migration to Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.

Abstract: Spatial differentiation in regional welfare is often assumed to be one of the most important explanatory factors in individual migration behaviour. By the weight of push against pull migrants walk in step with the unequal distribution of socio-economic opportunities. In the case of Ciudad Juarez [Mexico] these structural factors only appear to have determined migration in its first stages; especially recently non-structural factors seem to be at the root of the ever-increasing process. (EXCERPT)

The middle east: a new destination for turkish labour migration

Abstract: The shifts in migration experienced by Turkish emigrants are discussed starting with the large-scale emigration to Western Europe in the early 1960s. Official figures illustrate that since the 1970s the major current has been toward the Middle East and North Africa specifically to Libya Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Socioeconomic and political factors influencing Turkish migration are discussed. The earlier migrants to Western Europe and later migrants to the Middle East and North Africa are compared on the bases of sex ratio settlement and duration of stay remittances motives and individual migrants versus organized groups of workers. Turkish migration to Australia is also discussed.

Stemming the Tide of Rural-Urban Migration in Nigeria: Social versus Economic Considerations

Abstract: Ways of reducing the flow of rural-urban migration in Nigeria are explored. The authors suggest that too much emphasis has been placed on developing social amenities in rural areas. An alternative approach based on the development of economic opportunities for rural youth is suggested. (ANNOTATION)

Recent intrastate net recent intrastate net migration flows of the elderly in California

Abstract: Intrastate movement of the elderly has received little attention in migration literature. Yet, such movements are important, for most elderly migrants relocate within their state of origin. This study, utilizing data from the Bureau of the Census' public use microdata sample, explores what has been a neglected scale of migration through a reconstruction of California's major internal streams of elderly net migration for the period from 1975 to 1980.