Showing papers on "Human migration published in 1987"

The Social Process of International Migration

Abstract: The social process of network growth helps to explain the rapid increase in the migration of Mexicans to the United States during the 1970s. Migrant networks are webs of social ties that link potential migrants in sending communities to people in receiving societies, and their existence lowers the costs of international movement. With each person that becomes a migrant, the cost of migration is reduced for a set of friends and relatives, inducing them to migrate and further expanding the network. As a result of this dynamic interaction, network connections to the United States have become widespread throughout Mexico, and the probability of international migration from that country is high.

Understanding Mexican migration to the United States.

Abstract: This article draws on prior theory and research in the fields of sociology, economics, and anthropology to specify six basic propositions about international migration. These are examined using data specially collected from migrants in four Mexican communities. The migration process is divided into four phases corresponding to different events in the migrant career-departure, repetition, settlement, and return-and logit probability models are estimated to study the determinants of each event. Empirical estimates show that the likelihood of out-migration to the United States rises during stages to the life cycle when household dependence is greatest and is increased by prior migrant experiences and a lack of access to productive resource. The probability of repeat migration increases with each U.S. trip and is primarily affected by characteristics of the prior trip. The likelihood of settlement grows steadily with the accumualation of U.S. migrant experience and is principally determined by varables surrou...

Chapter 28 Rural-urban migration in developing countries

Abstract: Migration is a response of individuals to better opportunities, and should in principle increase economic welfare unambiguously. The problem connected with rural-urban migration could then be of two different types: (1) private response to migration could be due to non-economic factors (\"city lights\", etc.); excessive because of gambling instincts; or a desperate act after being pushed out from traditional rural activities due to population growth; (2) social returns to migration may be less than private returns because the distribution of non-labor factors between rural and urban location (which involve labor migration) is less than optimum; or because the distributional consequences of migration are not necessarily equalizing. This essay has been written to bring the available evidence to focus on some of these issues. It is unrealistic to assume that definite answers can be given when the literature, although substantial, covers only a fraction of prevalent rural-urban migration streams. The purpose is the limited one of discussing a sample of the research which has tried to tackle these questions. Section 1 gives an overview of the scale of rural-urban migration in LDCs, and considers the hypothesis of over-urbanization. Section 2 is a selective review of the literature on the determinants of migration, with particular emphasis on the relative importance of economic and non-economic factors. Section 3 takes a closer look at the discussion of urban labor markets in the literature and the

Contemporary trends in international migration study.

Abstract: Recent trends in international migration are reviewed. Three major trends are identified: changes in the relationships between states due to the presence of a more or less permanent minority population from one state in the other; the flow of illegal migrants despite stricter immigration laws; and the growing problem of refugees and their impact on the migration policies of developed countries. The author reviews some theories concerning international migration and the role of institutions in the international division of labor. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (ANNOTATION)

The political economic factors of migration to Bangkok.

Abstract: Political and economic factors affecting migration to Bangkok from the rest of Thailand are examined. The focus is on migration to the capital from the northeastern region. (ANNOTATION)

Local authority fiscal stance and the pattern of residential migration in the North West of England

Abstract: The degree of fiscal mobility present in household migration flows between local authority areas in northwestern England is assessed. Following an introduction the paper is divided into three sections. "The first reviews the methodologies of previous attempts to assess the extent of fiscally induced migration noting the dominance of American studies and outlines a choice-theoretic structure within which it is possible to model human migration patterns. Section III considers the problems inherent in modelling migration flows and Section IV presents results for a Compound Poisson analysis of migration between local authority areas within the four counties of the North West region of England as well as an assessment of the prevalence of fiscal mobility." (EXCERPT)

Irregular migration: a rising issue in developing countries.

Abstract: The growing concern with illegal or undocumented migration in developing countries is described. The author notes that although such migration occurred in the past without causing concern changing economic political and social factors since the 1970s have caused governments to attempt to control such flows. A review of regional trends is included and the consequences of illegal migration for both countries of origin and destination are examined. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (ANNOTATION)

Demographic trends and international migration.

Abstract: The authors discuss past and future trends in population growth employment and migration and give a comparative evaluation of population growth by migration area. Migration will continue to weigh heavily on the developed countries because no borders are completely impenetrable. Economic development should be fostered in the countries of origin as should better North-South cooperation in trade policies and financial and organizational structures. Raising the per capita income of the developing countries which are already the most highly populated markets will also substantially benefit the more developed countries. Whether more intensive cooperation comes about as a result of a civilized sense of responsibility or as an economic choice or out of necessity there seems to be no other alternative open to the countries of the North.

Job transfers: a neglected aspect of migration in Malaysia.

Abstract: This article examines the incidence of [job-related] transfers in Malaysia. The retrospective migration data from the Malaysia Family Life Survey [conducted in 1976-1977] are used to demonstrate that transfers comprise 18 percent of all migration in the country and that there has been a rise in the incidence of transfers over a 35 year period. Factors underlying this trend are outlined. Furthermore significant differences in age educational attainment and other characteristics between transferees and other types of migrants are identified and their implications discussed. (EXCERPT)

An Analysis of Interstate Migration in Mexico: Impact of Origin and Destination States on Migration Patterns

Abstract: This paper examines two theories of interstate migration in Mexico as explanations of interstate migration patterns: (1) a comparative economic opportunity thesis and (2) economic segmentation (or dual economy) model. The economic opportunity thesis argues that factors such as employment opportunities and salaries arc major considerations in any decision to move. Thus, internal migration is held to he an important way by which workers respond to changing economic opportunities and thereby redirect the spatial allocation of labor toward a more optimal pattern. The economic opportunity thesis, thus, assumes that rural-urban migration is primarily caused by higher paying jobs in urban sectors and shifts the analytical scope onto pull factors affecting rural exodus.The economic segmentation thesis, on the other hand, contains two components. First, micro-social factors (i.e., opportunities and salaries) do not determine the pattern of internal migration but, rather, a dual economy based on differential organizational development is the major determinant of migration patterns. By creating both labor market and economic opportunities, laborers are spatially allocated to meet the changing economic organizational structure. Second, the model also points out the importance of analyzing structural factors at both origin and destination of interstate migrants. While pull factor influence urban migration, structural factors in sending states also may affect urban exodus as well, i.e., organizational development, job availability, and the distribution of occupational reward structures. In general, the economic segmentation theory analyzes how the intrusion and penetration of modern capitalist social relations into the countryside triggers waves of rural migrants to receiving states in spite of the fact that there arc few opportunities (such as jobs and housing). The theoretical tenets of the economic opportunity and economic segmentation theses arc explored more fully in the next section.

Migration, Development and Employment in East and Southeast Asia

Abstract: The paper first reviews some of the major studies on internal migration in East and Southeast Asian countries, highlighting its relationship to development, particularly to the role of policies in the evolution of migration patterns. The central theme that emerges is that the pattern and effects of migration in these countries have been conditioned not simply by the rate of economic growth but by the character of growth as well as by the types of policies pursued. The paper also focuses on intersectoral labor migration in the context of structural transition and employment. The character of economic growth and of policies also influences the effects of migration in terms of the rate of departure of labour migrants from agriculture, their entry into industry relative to the service sector, as well as their consequent absorption in those sectors. Finally, important implications for policy and research are outlined in the conclusion.

Migration : an interdisciplinary approach

Abstract: This book provides detailed background of migration. It covers all aspects of human migration from inter-disciplinary point of view. The book is divided into six chapters followed by a comprehensive bibliography. The first chapter deals with definition theories and models of migration. Typology trends causes and consequences of migration have been analysed in subsequent chapters. The detailed questionnaires and schedules have been framed so that an investigator of any discipline can collect data of his choice on the basis of these questionnaires and schedules. The geographical scope is worldwide. (EXCERPT)

Labor migration and remittances between OPEC members and non-oil LDCs.

Abstract: Labor migration between the non-oil-producing and oil-producing Arab countries is studied. The costs and benefits of this migration are discussed with particular reference to the economic impact of remittances on the countries of origin. (ANNOTATION)

Rural-urban migration in a developing country: Botswana, Africa.

Abstract: Trends in internal migration in Botswana are analyzed with a focus on rural-urban migration. Data are from the 1981 census and from a survey carried out in 1979. The authors note that even though the predominance of subsistence agriculture acts as a deterrent to rural-urban migration it is probable that the total and percentage of people living in urban areas will increase. However the magnitude and pattern of future migration will fluctuate over time as social and economic conditions change. (ANNOTATION)

Migration as a phenomenon and process of population change.

Abstract: This paper relates migration with population growth and economic development. Migration affects both production and consumption; it should therefore be considered at the household-family level and analyzed within the utility maximization model. 1 determinant of internal migration is population pressure on land. Migration in the agricultural sector can provide resources to be reinvested in physical capital for agricultural technological change. Usually the agricultural family sends the maturing son to the city because of his better skills and education than other family members. Migrants are among the first to obtain newly created jobs or displace less qualified workers from existing jobs. Thus migration initially causes disequilibrium but since it supports technological improvement on the farms it becomes an equilibriating mechanism. Migration rates are highest in villages where land is most unequally divided. Some of the main noneconomic determinants of migration include social conflicts religious outbursts and movements violence wars pestilence epidemics caste conflicts political and ideological differences and climatic unsuitability. Migration and fertility need to be analyzed at the family level rather than at the societal or micro level.

Economic reform and population migration in the PRC.

Abstract: The relationship between the economic reforms recently implemented in China and patterns of internal migration is explored. The growth of rural-urban migration is noted. The author also describes the difficulty faced by the government in attempting to influence internal migration flows. (ANNOTATION)

Maps and keys--world involuntary migration.

Abstract: This article charts world involuntary migration movements from 1500-1900 and from 1900-1980 using maps. The African slave trade to North and South America the Caribbean Europe the Middle East and the Persian Gulf dominated international involuntary migration from 1500 until 1900 when it was both legally abolished and largely although not entirely suppressed. An estimated 9-10 million Africans were taken as slaves to the Americas and Europe during this period and an estimated 1.4 million to the Middle East and the Persian Gulf. The extent and duration of this migration was far greater than the many involuntary migrations within and between societies on any single continent. The 2nd map refers to all forms of involuntary migration across national boundaries from 1900-1980 primarily refugees. The tentative and approximate total for the 1st 4 decades of the 20th century 15 nearly 70 million persons who have involuntarily left one country for another whether during times of war or lesser conflicts. The total number of international refugees since 1900 probably exceeds the total number of involuntary international migrants in all previous recorded human history.

Migration and urbanization in Haiti.

Abstract: Migration patterns in Haiti are analyzed. The focus is on the capital Port-au-Prince and its dual role as the center of rural-urban migration within Haiti and as the exit point for international migration to the United States. (SUMMARY IN GER) (ANNOTATION)

New Sunbelt migration patterns.

Abstract: Recent trends in migration within the United States are examined using data from the Internal Revenue Service. The focus is on migration affecting the Sunbelt. Particular attention is paid to migration affecting Texas California and Florida over the period since 1965. (ANNOTATION)

Labour migration to the Middle-East: an Asian perspective.

Abstract: A review of trends and patterns of labor migration from Asia as a whole to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East is presented the emphasis being on the impact of this migration for the countries of origin. The geographical focus is on India Pakistan Bangladesh the Republic of Korea and Thailand. Data are taken from published sources. The author notes the financial benefits of remittances for the countries of origin and the development of policies in those countries to encourage and regulate contract migration and to maximize utilization of remittances.

A historical survey of international migration of China population

Abstract: Chinese migration trends in various periods of Chinas history are discussed. From the earliest times to the present migration patterns seem unique to each period: 1) Early period of emigration (Qin-Tang Dynasties): The earliest recorded instance of emigration occurred during the Qin dynasty when a traveler went to what is now the Philippines. In the following dynasties even though migration was limited to religious men and merchants who went abroad and returned to China the process of migrating was established. 2) Tang to Ming Dynasties (Self-initiated migration): Tang Dynasty records show the beginnings of Chinese residence abroad in Arabia. Land and sea travel developed further and majority of emigres left China for political religious or economic reasons. 3) Post-Ming Dynasty (Forced migration): This is a period beginning with the Opium War where 2 groups indentured servants and those who were able to purchase their own fare emigrated as laborers because of necessity. The population on the coast which had risen dramatically by the 1900s was subject to war official corruption poverty and disease. Migration reached a peak between 1851-1875 when 1280000 Chinese left the country settling mostly in Southeast Asia. Between 1847-1873 it is estimated that between 22%-64% perished along the way. 4) WWI-1949 (Motivated migration): The consequences of 2 world wars and the Great Depression were cause for another mass migration from China for political and economic reasons. This time however emigres were not limited to the very poor; also a large number of overseas Chinese eventually returned to the mainland. Between 1930-34 350000 more Chinese returned than left. 5) Post-1949 (A new era): In the 1950s large numbers of overseas Chinese returned to the mainland. In 1978-82 over 4000 Chinese returned to Guangdong alone. A new phenomenon has appeared: migration tends to be limited to visits to relatives or to travel for pleasure or education.

Family and migration in Andalusia.

Abstract: Gregory and Cazorla address the political-economic reasons for migration then show why migration did not solve Andalusias economic problems. They argue that development has occurred only in the already overdeveloped tourist localities and in industrial cities in the north. In contrast migrant remittances have generated few local employment opportunities. This situation may be attributed to the Andalusian class system where an elite controls large-scale mechanized farms and olive grovers kept under production with low-wage seasonal labor. The specific impact of migration on the family depends on the stage of family development--as the household expands its members increasingly compete for living space--as well as on fluctuations in the demand for foreign workers. (authors)

The Philippine national recording systems on international migration.

Abstract: The author reviews migration data sources and government collection agencies in the Philippines. He finds that "despite the importance of international migration for national policy efforts to correct the serious data limitations in the area of migration statistics have been limited and uncoordinated. In fact most estimates of emigration levels from the Philippines still rely heavily on the data gathered by receiving countries." (EXCERPT)