Showing papers on "Human migration published in 1994"
248 citations
TL;DR: A review of empirical studies for Europe concludes that migration was largely beneficial in the past as discussed by the authors, but that the processes changed with the halt in recruitment in 1973 and that flows of asylum seekers and refugees (supply-push) are also affected by relative economic conditions in the receiving countries.
Abstract: In recent decades Europe has experienced periods of push and pull migration. Whereas pull migration has been seen as economically beneficial, there is concern that push migration will accelerate the employment crisis. This article qualifies this view by arguing that migration may erode institutional constraints. The theoretical framework behind this idea accounts for heterogeneous labor, monopoly union behavior, and unemployment with regulated migration. A review of empirical studies for Europe concludes that migration was largely beneficial in the past. New econometric investigations suggest that immigration from countries that are targeted for recruitment was strongly driven by business cycle effects (demand-pull) and chain migration (supply-push), but that the processes changed with the halt in recruitment in 1973. Contrary to general expectations, flows of asylum seekers and refugees (supply-push) are also affected by relative economic conditions in the receiving countries.
232 citations
TL;DR: A framework encompassing components of the migration experience to aid research that implicates, directly or heuristically, the experiences of persons exposed to rapid sociocultural change and the consequences of such changes in their lives is provided.
Abstract: Current, large-scale, cross-cultural migrations offer promising research targets for the study of human adaptations. The opportunities for such research, however, remain substantially unused in the mainstream of psychology. The purpose here is to provide a framework encompassing components of the migration experience to aid such research. Contextual factors in the sending and receiving societies impinge on the components of the migration experience: social networks, socioeconomic status, and culture. The components, treated as intertwining transitional experiences in migration, should be juxtaposed in research to examine their effects. Gender and age mediate the effects. The framework aims to benefit research that implicates, directly or heuristically, the experiences of persons exposed to rapid sociocultural change and the consequences of such changes in their lives.
214 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The authors in this paper provide an analysis of labour migration spanning the globe, focusing on its volume, characteristic effects, the reactions it provokes and the policiies it requires, addressing such hotly debated questions as defining national borders, assimilation versus cultural autonomy and exclusion of migrants.
Abstract: The migration of workers across international boundaries has a major impact worldwide. This topical study provides an analysis of labour migration spanning the globe. The author brings labour migration - its volume, characteristic effects, the reactions it provokes and the policiies it requires. He addresses such hotly debated questions as defining national borders, assimilation versus cultural autonomy and exclusion of migrants. The book is organized into two parts. The first part paints the global picture, starting with the slave trade and indentured labour, and then examines why people move today, as well as the costs and benefits of migration. Topics such as naturalization, the role of religion, attracting entrepreneurs into a country and illegal migration are explored. Part two examines the recent experience of some 20 countries and several regions of the world - North Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, the Gulf States and Asia. The text is illustrated with numerous charts and statistical tables, including a comprehensive "global economic migration table".
201 citations
TL;DR: The authors disaggregate migration policy into four parts: managing legal immigration, controlling illegal migration, administering temporary worker programs, and processing asylum seekers and refugees, and show that these capacities fluctuate periodically in conjunction with contingent cycles of salience and effort.
Abstract: The commonly held view that liberal democracies cannot effectively control unwanted migration is unwarranted despite the intensification of migration pressures in recent years. To develop a more accurate position built on less sweeping generalizations, I disaggregate migration policy into four parts: managing legal immigration, controlling illegal migration, administering temporary worker programs, and processing asylum seekers and refugees. A review of the experiences of the liberal democracies with each of these migration challenges indicates that although there are numerous instances of policy failure, there is also considerable capacity to regulate migration. I argue that this capacity is certainly growing, not declining, over time, that some states possess more capacity than others, that the control capacities of particular states vary substantially across the four areas, and that these capacities fluctuate periodically in conjunction with contingent cycles of salience and effort.
160 citations
TL;DR: Europe is undergoing an international but intracontinental migration such as it has not seen since the beginning of the Cold War, the authors cite several reasons for the recent outburst of migration.
Abstract: This articles thesis is that Europe is undergoing an international but intracontinental migration such as it has not seen since the beginning of the Cold War. The authors cite several reasons for the recent outburst of migration: ethnic relocation the search for refuge and asylum and the need for work. They also present a country-by-country description of sending and receiving nations. The push and pull factors causing such massive migration cannot only be contained by the present methods of having each government erect legislative and other barriers--such as armed border guards--against newcomers. (EXCERPT)
135 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the return migration of foreign-born persons in the United States and argue that return migration may have been planned as part of an optimal life cycle residential location sequence.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the return migration of foreign-born persons in the United States. We argue that return migration may have been planned as part of an optimal life cycle residential location sequence. Return migration also occurs because immigrants based their initial migration decision on erroneous information about opportunities in the United States. The study uses the 1980 Census and administrative data from the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Immigrants tend to return to wealthy countries which are not too far from the United States. Moreover, return migration accentuates the type of selection characterizing the immigrant population left in the United States.
117 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, a profile of international labour migration from India, to analyse the macroeconomic impact of the labour flows and the associate financial flows on the national economy, and to discuss the issues or problems that arise in a wider macroeconomic context with reference to the Indian experience.
Abstract: The object of this book is to construct a profile of international labour migration from India, to analyse the macro-economic impact of the labour flows and the associate financial flows on the national economy, and to discuss the issues or problems that arise in a wider macro-economic context with reference to the Indian experience. To begin with, the author sets out a theoretical framework to analyse the macro-economics of international migration. The first part of the book outlines the dimensions of and the trends in, these migration flows and financial flows. It puts together the evidence, based on published and unpublished data from primary source, on migration, remittances and capital flows, to sketch a picture of international labour migration from India that has not been available so far. The second part of the book analyses the macro-economic implications and consequences of migration. It seeks to assess the impact of labour flows on output and employment, and of financial flows on output and employment, and of financial flows on savings, investment and the balance of payments. This leads to a discussion of policies, problems and issues apropos the export of workers, the inflow of remittances and the movement of capital. In conclusion, the author sets out some prescriptions which would facilitate the maxmimization and the socialization of benefits from international migration in the wide context of economic developement. This book, on a relatively unexplored theme in economics, makes an important contribution to our knowledge of migration across national boundaries and to our understanding of its implications and consequences for labour exporting countries. It should also be of interest to scholars in other social science disciplines and to policymakers in governments who are concerned with international migration.
90 citations
Book•
01 Jul 1994
TL;DR: In this article, a collection of papers based on data from a large-scale survey conducted in 1986 on urban migration in China is presented, where the primary focus of the papers is on rural-urban migration and its consequences.
Abstract: This book presents a collection of papers based on data from a large-scale survey conducted in 1986 on urban migration in China. The survey involved over 25000 households and some 100000 individuals in 74 cities and towns in 16 provinces. The primary focus of the papers is on rural-urban migration and its consequences. Papers are also included on the 1986 migration survey internal migration in general permanent and temporary migration differentials migrant characteristics economic adjustment of urban migrants migration and fertility changing urban migration patterns and comparisons with other Asian countries.
51 citations
Book•
01 Feb 1994
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that only when policy-makers recognize the reality of migration as a continuing process, can more effective and sustainable policies begin to be developed, which is the case in Europe.
Abstract: International migration is one of the top policy problems for European governments in the 1990s as the number of asylum-seekers continues to escalate. Governments' attempts to respond to new migration pressures whie simultaneously trying to abolish internal border controls have brought European migration policies to a critical crossroad. The author argues that only when policy-makers recognize the reality of migration as a continuing process, can more effective and sustainable policies begin to be developed.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, three theories that purport to explain where migrants go are set forth, then examined for explanatory validity using data acquired from a study of a relatively affluent rancho in the state of Jalisco, Mexico.
Abstract: Three theories that purport to explain where migrants go are set forth, then examined for explanatory validity using data acquired from a study of a relatively affluent rancho in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. The theories include the immigration market, the stage migration, and the network-mediated chain migration theories. It is found that the network mediated migration theory, with modifications including a movement from bilocational to multilocational conceptualizations, has the greatest value in explaining transnational wage labor migration from the rancho to multiple destination points in the US. Migrants may chose to join friends and/or kin in a variety of locations upon their first crossing, and may work in several towns and/or cities in the United States over their migratory careers.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Espenshade et al. as discussed by the authors examined the relationship between U.S. migration policy and Mexican immigration to the United States over the period 1942-1992 using data collected from migrants in 17 Mexican communities concerning their first migration to United States.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between U.S. migration policy and Mexican immigration to the United States over the period 1942-1992. It uses data collected from migrants in 17 Mexican communities concerning their first migration to the United States. "The analysis reveals three patterns of migration. The first large-scale flow of Mexicans occurred between 1942 and 1964 when many men migrated for agricultural employment under a U.S.-sponsored temporary worker program. By the programs end the second phase of migration emerged. Former braceros who obtained legal papers sponsored their relatives for entry while others entered illegally. The third pattern of migration began in the late 1970s when women migrated in large numbers without children and the migration of men and women who entered on a first trip without legal documents soared." Comments are included from Thomas J. Espenshade (pp. 730-3) and Ricardo Romo (pp. 734-6) as well as a reply from the author (pp. 737-40). (EXCERPT)
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The author investigates recent trends in India's international migration, with a focus on the movement of professionals and other skilled workers to developed countries, and the temporary migration of workers to oil-rich Middle Eastern countries.
Abstract: The author investigates recent trends in Indias international migration with a focus on the movement of professionals and other skilled workers to developed countries and the temporary migration of workers to oil-rich Middle Eastern countries. In addition trends in refugee migration permanent emigration and illegal migration from Bangladesh are outlined and policy implications are considered. (ANNOTATION)
TL;DR: The impact of the 1990-1991 Gulf crisis on the characteristics of international migration to Kuwait and on its migration policies is assessed in this article, where the fundamental conflict between the desire to limit the size of the immigrant population and the country's economic dependence on that population is noted.
Abstract: The impact of the 1990-1991 Gulf crisis on the characteristics of international migration to Kuwait and on its migration policies is assessed. Migration policies and trends are first reviewed for the periods 1961-1985 and 1986-1990. The authors note that by October 1990 an estimated 1.3 million people about 60% of the total population had fled the country and subsequently a policy decision was implemented to limit the build-up of the non-Kuwati population. Aspects of post-war migration polices are examined including the objective of increasing the diversity of the immigrant population. The fundamental conflict between the desire to limit the size of the immigrant population and the countrys economic dependence on that population is noted.
TL;DR: Using a unique data set from two surveys conducted in Zhejiang province, China, this paper examined the other side of the coin -the temporary migration from urban places and thereby provided an important complement to studies focusing on rural-urban migration.
Abstract: Studies of temporary migration in developing countries often focus on rural outmigration and are preoccupied with problems it may bring to cities. Using a unique data set from two surveys conducted in Zhejiang province, China, this paper examines the other side of the coin — temporary migration from urban places — and thereby provides an important complement to studies focusing on rural-urban migration. The analysis identifies three types of temporary migrations: on-business, economic, and family-related. Using multinomial logit model, the analysis suggests that the three types of temporary migration differ significantly from each other in both their causes and migrants' socioeconomic characteristics; so does urban-urban migration from urban-rural migration. The considerable urban-rural temporary migration attests to the fact that temporary migration is not a one-way process; its positive selectivity further indicates that a considerable human capital flows from urban to rural areas through urban-rural temporary migration, which provides rural areas much needed science and technology and becomes an important facilitating factor of rural socioeconomic development.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a selection of papers many of which were originally presented at a conference sponsored by the Social Science Research Center held in Berlin Germany in May 1991, focusing on international migration as it affects the developed countries.
Abstract: This is a selection of papers many of which were originally presented at a conference sponsored by the Social Science Research Center held in Berlin Germany in May 1991. The focus is on international migration as it affects the developed countries. The 13 papers are grouped under four main topics concerning social aspects such as migration policy political participation by immigrants and the impact of immigration on national homogeneity; labor force impacts of immigration; gender aspects of migration; and emerging trends such as East-West migration repatriation and guest workers and regional migration within countries.
TL;DR: The possible connections among various forms of migration are only rarely traced in the professional literature on the political and social determinants as well as consequences of international migration in the case of Poland.
Abstract: International migration represents just one type of spatial population mobility along with inter-regional rural-urban or intra-urban migration. The possible connections among various forms of migration are however only rarely traced in the professional literature on the political and social determinants as well as consequences of international migration. Against this background an attempt is made in the present paper to identify possible associations between internal and international migration in the case of Poland. (EXCERPT)
Book•
18 Oct 1994
TL;DR: The background to human geography is discussed in this article, with a focus on the distribution and the pattern of increase of human population in a world of nation-states and the transformation of landscapes.
Abstract: (NOTE: Each chapter ends with a Summary, Key Terms, Questions for Investigation and Discussion, and Additional Reading. Also some chapters conclude with Focus Boxes and Geographic Reasoning Boxes.) 1. The Background to Human Geography. 2. Cultures and the Transformation of Landscapes. 3. Cultural Diffusion. 4. Human Population: The Distribution and the Pattern of Increase. 5. Human Migration. 6. Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry. 7. The Geography of Language. 8. The Geography of Religion. 9. Cities and Urbanization. 10. A World of Nation-States. 11. World Mineral, Energy, and Water Resources. 12. National Paths to Economic Growth. 13. International Organization: Regional Organizations and Global Coordination. Epilogue: Protecting the Global Environment. Appendix: Map Projections. Glossary. Index.
TL;DR: The authors analyze contemporary migration movements in Turkey, with a focus on labor migrants and Turkey's status as a receiving country, and implications within the context of emerging East-West migration policies are considered.
Abstract: The authors analyze contemporary migration movements in Turkey with a focus on labor migrants and Turkeys status as a receiving country. Recent migration trends to Turkey are briefly reviewed and implications within the context of emerging East-West migration policies are considered. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (ANNOTATION)
TL;DR: The model provides a general framework for describing the dynamics of populations, and takes advantage of the special network structure of the problem, which allows for chain migration in that humans can move from location to location in a ''chaining'' fashion, which is more realistic from an application perspective, than simply allowing for migration from a given origin to a direct destination in a single step.
TL;DR: The data situation, the economic regimes, the demographic regime, the political regime,The micro-macro context, the cultural regime,the ecological setting, political change and uncertainty in South Africa, the intra-African exchange of skilled manpower, and implementing the IOM/UNFPA project in sub-Saharan Africa are discussed.
Abstract: Migration is so prominent in African history that several observers have concluded that it is a way of life for many Africans. Considerable migration has occurred historically throughout Africa in response to political economic religious and security situations ethnic tensions and demographic pressures. Patterns directions and motivations of migration have been severely affected by the colonial experience which in turn has influenced economic sociocultural political and demographic development. Historical and political links between African and colonial countries initially facilitated migration toward the UK France Belgium and later to the US Canada and Germany. Under a lengthy recession however these Western economies have severely restricted the flow of immigration. This paper discusses the data situation the economic regime the demographic regime the political regime the micro-macro context the cultural regime the ecological setting political change and uncertainty in South Africa the intra-African exchange of skilled manpower and implementing the IOM/UNFPA project in sub-Saharan Africa.
TL;DR: The authors analyzes why it is so difficult, if not impossible, to effectively implement migration regulations in the Netherlands and finds that the contradictory aims of the welfare state that, on the one hand, tries to keep immigrants out, and on the other hand, seeks to ensure full civil rights for the immigrant population settled in the country.
Abstract: Like other West European countries, the Netherlands has become an immigration country against its will. Since 1960, three migration flows in particular have contributed to the migration surplus: labor migration from the Mediterranean area, migration from former Dutch colonies, and migration of international refugees. In each case, the measures taken by the Dutch government to regulate the migration have not been successful. This article analyzes why it is so difficult, if not impossible, to effectively implement migration regulations. A very important reason seems to be the contradictory aims of the welfare state that, on the one hand, tries to keep immigrants out but, on the other hand, seeks to ensure full civil rights for the immigrant population settled in the country.
TL;DR: The comprehensive overview of Asian-Pacific migration summarizes early population movements during the colonial period and describes the major types of contemporary Asian population movements: environmental refugees, political refugees, internal population movements, contract labor migration, business related movements and tourism.
Abstract: The comprehensive overview of Asian-Pacific migration summarizes early population movements during the colonial period and describes the major types of contemporary Asian population movements: (1) environmental refugees, (2) political refugees, (3) internal population movements, (4) contract labor migration, (5) migration of permanent settlers, (6) business related movements and tourism. Projections of net international migration are given. Population growth, employment absorption and emigration pressures are likely to contribute to a large mobility potential for Asia, with significant implications for Australia.
Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: This paper presented at a UNCRD-sponsored conference held in Nagoya Japan in November 1990 on aspects of labor migration in Asia The focus is on the experiences of both sending countries such as the Philippines Pakistan Bangladesh Thailand and South Korea and on receiving countries including Singapore Malaysia Hong Kong and Japan.
Abstract: This report includes papers presented at a UNCRD-sponsored conference held in Nagoya Japan in November 1990 on aspects of labor migration in Asia The focus is on the experiences of both sending countries such as the Philippines Pakistan Bangladesh Thailand and South Korea and on receiving countries including Singapore Malaysia Hong Kong and Japan (ANNOTATION)
TL;DR: Migration and settlement of Turkish migrants in Melbourne is explored from the immigrants' viewpoint, including how settlement in that city has influenced their lives, both inside and outside their workplaces, over time.
Abstract: This article considers Turkish migration and settlement in Australia from both the micro and macro levels of analysis. Migration and settlement of Turkish migrants in Melbourne is explored from the immigrants viewpoint including how settlement in that city has influenced their lives both inside and outside their workplaces over time. The article also addresses Turkish immigration to Australia within the global context of international migration. The Melbourne Turkish Migration (MTM) study was conducted by the author between 1987 and 1990. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: The article examines the contemporary trends and future prospects of migration from India to Australia with a focus on Indian Settlers and Temporary Entrants admitted to Australia for employment and Indian students admitted to Australian for higher studies.
Abstract: The article examines the contemporary trends and future prospects of migration from India to Australia. The focus is on Indian Settlers and Temporary Entrants admitted to Australia for employment and Indian students admitted to Australia for higher studies. The volume of emigration for permanent residence during the early 1990s has made India one of the leading source countries of migration to Australia. A majority of Indians admitted as Settlers every year join the labor force. Recent data indicate that among Indian Settlers there is a preponderance of unsponsored Independent Skilled Migrants. Given the anticipated growth in the number of Indian students the coming years are likely to witness a spurt in Skilled Temporary Workers from India. (EXCERPT)
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: An overview of migration policies in Europe and within the European Union and related issues such as naturalization visa requirements health services and social security is given in this paper, where an overview is given.
Abstract: An overview is given of migration policies in Europe and within the European Union and of related issues such as naturalization visa requirements health services and social security. The Masstricht Treaty is cited as the main document that controls migration between member states of the European Union. The treaty was ratified on November 1 1993. The treaty allows for the freedom of movement across national borders in member states for member citizens. Union citizens are defined as persons who have the nationality of a member state. The Schengen Accord was ratified in June 1985 by five states and in 1990 by Italy; this accord eliminates border control. The Single European Act of 1986 Article 8A establishes an area without internal frontiers and freedom of movement of goods persons services and capital. Without signatories from the United Kingdom Denmark and Ireland the Schengen Accord allows for freedom of movement from these countries but not to these countries. There are many variations in how individual states apply the rules of Masstricht in practice. There are no internationally agreed upon limits for short-term mid-term or long-term visitors. Shifts between these aforementioned groups is determined by receiving countries. The gates of potential entry include entry with visa requirements border control long-term work and residence permits internal control permanent residence permits and naturalization. The control of foreigners is possible through an opening or closing of any one of these gates. Citizens of EFTA and most OECD countries do not need a visa to travel in another European Union country. However in some countries nationals must meet travel requirements such as proof of adequate financial resources for the period of stay. Time in granting a visa is another mechanism used to control the flow. Carriers may be fined for transporting a person without a valid travel document. Consistency of policy is greater among the Schengen group (Belgium France Germany Luxembourg and the Netherlands in 1985; the United Kingdom Ireland and Denmark by 1994). Internal controls vary between countries. Agreement was reached on the qualifications of about 100 vocations. Social security is an issue that requires unanimous votes under Masstricht. Whatever difficulties arise such as retirement moves are considered solvable.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The relationship among fertility international population movements and economic development is explored in this paper, where international migration patterns and trends considering the range of forces which increase the potential for movement and discuss responses to these forces and trends.
Abstract: This chapter explores the relationships among fertility international population movements and development It reviews international migration patterns and trends considering the range of forces which increase the potential for movement; discussing responses to these forces and trends; and examining the links among international migration fertility and demographic change as well as those between international population movements and economic development in emigration countries It is clear that the number of migrants has increased in recent years and that their movements have become more volatile but the connections of migration trends to the high fertility and demographic growth rates of the past several decades are complex and indirect just as are the linkages between international migration and economic development trends Over the long term at the generational level however successful economic development can moderate the increasing propensity to migrate Over the short- to medium-term one should not expect any moderating effect of development with development over this shorter time frame even potentially increasing the tendency to migrate
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of recent trends in Caribbean migration, including emigration to the metropolis, migration to other Latin American countries, migration within the region, and return migration.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of recent trends in Caribbean migration....To begin the paper outlines the historical background of Caribbean emigrations since the late eighteenth century. Second the paper identifies the main current in Caribbean migration in the 1980s: (1) emigration to the metropolis; (2) emigration to other Latin American countries; (3) migration within the region; and (4) return migration. Third the essay analyses the socioeconomic composition of Caribbean migrants (by age sex region education and occupation) as well as their incorporation into the receiving labour markets....Fourth the impacts of emigration on Caribbean politics economics culture and society are briefly assessed. Finally the ideology of migration as a safety valve is evaluated. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: A correlation between turning points in trade and migration that supports the existing view that these flows are substitutes.
Abstract: This article examines the relationship between trade and migration for the Philippines South Korea and Thailand using three methods: (1) a comparison of graphic representations of trade and migration flows; (2) postulation and testing of a statistical relationship; and (3) a comparison of revealed comparative advantage for goods with that for services In addition trade and migration flows are presented for other Asian countries namely Bangladesh India Indonesia Pakistan and Sri Lanka The results reveal a correlation between turning points in trade and migration that supports the existing view that these flows are substitutes (EXCERPT)