Showing papers in "International Migration Review in 1994"
TL;DR: The authors examined the psychosocial adaptation of children of immigrants from Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean during adolescence, focusing on the formation of ethnic self-identities during adolescence and found that ethnic identity formation occurs during childhood.
Abstract: Focusing on the formation of ethnic self-identities during adolescence, this article examines the psychosocial adaptation of children of immigrants from Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. The d...
1,041 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the types of racial and ethnic identities adopted by a sample of 83 adolescent second-generation West Indian and Haitian Americans in New York City and found that the subjective understandi...
Abstract: This article explores the types of racial and ethnic identities adopted by a sample of 83 adolescent second-generation West Indian and Haitian Americans in New York City. The subjective understandi...
664 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigates some of the ways in which social capital made available in an immigrant community contributes to, rather than hinders, the adaptation of the younger generation, in school, in the US.
Abstract: This article investigates some of the ways in which social capital made available in an immigrant community contributes to, rather than hinders, the adaptation of the younger generation, in school ...
577 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the level of migration did not rise during the drought of 1983–1985, but there was a dramatic increase in the migration of women and children during the severe 1983-1985 drought, along with a shift to short-cycle circulation.
Abstract: Using data from a longitudinal panel study conducted in 1982 and 1989 in the first region of Mali, this article demonstrates that the level of migration did not rise during the drought of 1983–1985. However, there was a dramatic increase in the migration of women and children during the severe 1983–1985 drought. Along with this increase in migration by women and children, there was a shift to short-cycle circulation, with 64 percent of the migrants adopting circular patterns. The study describes the characteristics of these migrants and recommends changes to development and migration policies that will facilitate such migrations in subsequent droughts.
392 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the second generation children' language adaptation in the context of the history of linguistic absorption and bilingualism in America and found that strong nativist pressures toward monolingualism led to strong bilingualism.
Abstract: The language adaptation of second generation children is explored in the context of the history of linguistic absorption and bilingualism in America. Strong nativist pressures toward monolingualism...
376 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the growth of this immigrant niche resulted from changes in the relative supply of native workers and in the structure of employment, which opened the bureaucracy to immigrants and reduced native/immigrant competition.
Abstract: This article speaks to the conceptual and methodological issues in research on the making of an immigrant niche through a case study of immigrant professionals in New York City government. The author argues that "the growth of this immigrant niche resulted from changes in the relative supply of native workers and in the structure of employment which opened the bureaucracy to immigrants and reduced native/immigrant competition. These shifts opened hiring portals; given the advantages of network hiring for workers and managers and an immigrant propensity for government employment network recruitment led to a rapid buildup in immigrant ranks." (EXCERPT)
326 citations
TL;DR: A broader analytical framework which incorporates immigrants’ individual characteristics and larger social contexts in the country of origin and the nation of destination to explain the likelihood of citizenship acquisition is proposed.
Abstract: Prior research on immigrant naturalization has focused mainly on the effects of immigrants’ adaptation experiences and demographic characteristics on their propensity to naturalize. This article pr...
265 citations
166 citations
TL;DR: Europe is undergoing an international but intracontinental migration such as it has not seen since the beginning of the Cold War, the authors cite several reasons for the recent outburst of migration.
Abstract: This articles thesis is that Europe is undergoing an international but intracontinental migration such as it has not seen since the beginning of the Cold War. The authors cite several reasons for the recent outburst of migration: ethnic relocation the search for refuge and asylum and the need for work. They also present a country-by-country description of sending and receiving nations. The push and pull factors causing such massive migration cannot only be contained by the present methods of having each government erect legislative and other barriers--such as armed border guards--against newcomers. (EXCERPT)
135 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the meaning of segmented assimilation by comparing five groups of immigrants was investigated by survey and ethnographic research among second-generation immigrants, and the purpose was to investigate the significance of segmentation in assimilation.
Abstract: This essay is based on survey and ethnographic research among second-generation immigrants. The purpose is to investigate the meaning of segmented assimilation by comparing five groups of immigrant...
129 citations
TL;DR: The analysis of fertility expectations suggests that although immigrants ‘expect’ to have higher fertility than similar natives, they tend to adapt their fertility ‘goals’ over time, both within and across generations.
Abstract: Many immigrants have come to the US since the mid-1960s. The demographic effects of this phenomenon may be seen in both the changing racial and ethnic composition of the population and in the increasing contribution of immigration to sustaining population growth. Given the current below replacement level of fertility in the country US population growth depends increasingly upon the entry of new immigrants each year and their subsequent fertility. Over much of the 20th century immigrants had consistently lower fertility than native-born women. This situation changed however since the 1970s with the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from countries with high fertility. Studies based upon the US census have shown that despite considerable variation according to country of origin recent immigrants have higher fertility on average than native-born women. Moreover the gap between immigrant and native fertility levels appears to have increased during the 1980s. By 1986 immigrant women aged 18-44 had about one-quarter child more than similarly aged native-born women. This article compares both the fertility behavior and expectations for future childbearing of foreign and native-born women in the US with the goal of analyzing the sources of the growing fertility gap between immigrant and native women and exploring the extent to which immigrants adapt their fertility once in the US. Data are drawn from the 1980 US Census and the 1986 and 1988 June Current Population Surveys. The author found that the immigrant-native fertility gap increased during the 1980s not because immigrant fertility increased but because fertility dropped at a faster rate for natives than for immigrants. The relatively high fertility of immigrants compared to natives can be explained by compositional differences with respect to age education income and ethnicity. The two analyses of adaptation however yielded different results. The synthetic cohort analysis which traced the fertility behavior of a fixed cohort of immigrants during the 1980s found little evidence of adaptation or assimilation except for immigrants from southeast Asia. On the other hand the analysis of fertility expectations suggests that although immigrants expect to have higher fertility than similar natives they tend to adapt their fertility goals over time both within and across generations.
TL;DR: For example, this paper studied the second generation of immigrants in the United States and found that the relative youth of the "new" second generation spawned by post-1965 immigration to the USA and the difficulties of studying it on the basis of census and other official data.
Abstract: The articles in this issue offer the reader a wealth of information on a topic of increasing visibility in the field of immigration. For a variety of reasons, the growth and adaptation of the second generation have not been subjects of great concern for researchers in this field during the recent past. Reasons include the relative youth of the "new" second generation spawned by post-1965 immigration to the United States and the difficulties of studying it on the basis of census and other official data. Scholarly attention in this field has remained focused on adult immigrants, who are more visible and whose progress through the labor market and through the immigration bureaucracy can be more easily traced. Social scientists whose professional concern is with children, such as sociologists of education, have noted the surge of foreign-origin and, for the most part, nonwhite students in the nation's schools. However, the manner in which data on this new phenomenon have been packaged has hopelessly obscured its character and implications. School records and scholarly surveys most frequently use a classificatory scheme for students based on the pan-ethnic labels "Hispanic," "Black," "Asian," and "non-His? panic white." Such data are nearly useless for the study of the second generation because they mix children of native and foreign parentage, as well as those from the most diverse nationalities. The ethnic category "Hispanic," for example, combines children whose ancestors were living in the country at the time of the Civil War with those who arrived recently as unauthorized aliens. The category "Asian" is still more egregious because the children grouped under it do not even share a parental language in common (Portes andTruelove, 1987; Massey, 1993). The dearth of accessible census data and the compressing of second-gen? eration youth into a classificatory scheme that obliterates their history have had the consequence of obscuring a major phenomenon in the recent evolution of American society. This result is unfortunate because the adap? tation of the second generation will be decisive in establishing the long-term outlook for contemporary immigration. It is indeed among the second generation, not the first, where such issues as the continuing dominance of English, the growth of a welfare-dependent population, the resilience of culturally distinct urban enclaves, and the decline or growth of ethnic intermarriages will be permanently decided. For example, the much de? bated issue of the loss of English hegemony in certain areas heavily affected by immigration will not be decided by first-generation immigrants, but by
TL;DR: International migration from Java in the past and present and the role brokers have played in stimulating this movement are described and the influence of employment brokers on the process, and the organization of the recruitment networks are described.
Abstract: This article discusses international migration from Java in the past and present and the role brokers have played in stimulating this movement. It describes legal and clandestine labor migration to Singapore Malaysia and Saudi Arabia the influence of employment brokers on the process and the organization of the recruitment networks. The involvement of brokers is crucial but not always beneficial for the migrants. Migrants are dependent on the brokers and risk exploitation. In the case of movement to Saudi Arabia there is a linkage with religious institutions and the Islamic pilgrimage. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: A statistical portrait of children of immigrants by analyzing data from the 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing describes place of residence; household demographic, social and economic circumstances; household head's socioeconomic status; and characteristics of children themselves.
Abstract: The prospects for today's second generation will be considerably shaped by their current social, economic and demographic status. This article provides a statistical portrait of children of immigra...
TL;DR: It is suggested that "internal migration in the first year after arrival is strongly affected by characteristics such as admission status, destination at arrival, reason for immigration, and area of origin, though with increasing length of residence in Canada, the effect of these admission factors on internal migration behavior diminishes."
Abstract: This study examines the extent to which internal migration among recent immigrants to Canada is affected and constrained by characteristics related to admission. By examining measures of information and personal ties it may be possible to establish that migration behavior is rational regardless of economic incentives. It is suggested that "internal migration in the first year after arrival is strongly affected by characteristics such as admission status destination at arrival reason for immigration and area of origin. With increasing length of residence in Canada though the effect of these admission factors on internal migration behavior diminishes." This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1992 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: With the loss of the question on parental birthplace in the 1980 and 1990 censuses, there are serious obstacles to current research on immigrant adaption based on the traditional logic of intergene...
Abstract: With the loss of the question on parental birthplace in the 1980 and 1990 censuses, there are serious obstacles to current research on immigrant adaption based on the traditional logic of intergene...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse les possibilites de rapatriation en terme de duree d'exil et de la nature du programme d'assistance au retour developpe.
Abstract: Le probleme des 180 000 refugies chypriotes relegues dans la partie sud de l'ile depuis l'invasion turque en 1974 est analyse en fonction de la these de R. Rogge, qui considere les possibilites de rapatriation en terme de duree d'exil et de la nature du programme d'assistance au retour developpe. Le cas des Chypriotes est tres particulier puisque le terme de rapatriation est problematique dans ce contexte precis du point de vue du droit international. L'article s'interroge sur la maniere dont les refugies percoivent le retour comme seul objectif realisable, a la lumiere des changements economiques et sociaux dramatiques operes dans la communaute des refugies depuis l'exode de 1974
TL;DR: A comparative study of Brazilian immigration to Canada and the United States is presented in this paper, where the authors examine the adaptation and adjustment experiences of a new group of immigrants to North America.
Abstract: This article is a comparative study of Brazilian immigration to Canada and the United States. Analysis of recently collected data in Toronto Ontario and in a medium-size U.S. community facilitated the examination of the adaptation and adjustment experiences of a new group of immigrants to North America. This article begins with a discussion of the origins of this recent immigrant group and its rapid expansion. Next it focuses on the labor force activities of Brazilian immigrants and compares and contrasts their experiences in the United States and Canada. A final section examines social adaptation in North America by exploring linguistic and cultural dimensions. This article closes with a section on the future aspirations of these immigrants. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: This article presents some of the latest available figures on illegal immigration in Japan, a process that did not assume significant proportions until the mid-1980s.
Abstract: This article presents some of the latest available figures on illegal immigration in Japan a process that did not assume significant proportions until the mid-1980s. It also discusses briefly the latest developments around immigration policy--more precisely the law on the entry and exit of aliens. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In this paper, the author describes the reality of daily life in Ban Vinai, a refugee camp in northeast Thailand, and explores the effects of long-term residence in the camp, where many of the refugees have lived for more than ten years because of the lack of a permanent international solution.
Abstract: Lynellyn Long documents the reality of daily life in Ban Vinai, a refugee camp in northeast Thailand. Based on the author's ethnographic experience of living and working in the camp, the book offers rich narrative descriptions of the lives of the Hmong and lowland Lao refugees. Long describes the lives of five families over the course of a year, recounting interactions with camp relief workers and the complexities of the larger relief system, how their family relationships and social roles change as a result of camp life, and their desires and expectations of the future. Long explores the effects of long-term residence in the camp, where many of the refugees have lived for more than ten years because of the lack of a permanent international solution. She shows that although the camps provide urgently needed aid, they foster a sense of powerlessness, isolation and dislocation that can radically alter the lives of the inhabitants. The book gives the historical, political and economic background of Ban Vinai and suggests what lessons may be derived for other refugee situations.
TL;DR: This article examined economic activities developed among Israeli immigrants in Los Angeles and found that Israelis are involved in a host of collective social and economic endeavors, and that forms of cooperation among two groups, Kibbutzniks and Persian-origin Israelis, are discussed.
Abstract: "This article examines economic activities developed among Israeli immigrants in Los Angeles. Previous studies have asserted that little cooperation exists among Israelis in the United States. However, our findings, based on participant observation and in-depth interviews, suggest that Israelis are involved in a host of collective social and economic endeavors.... Forms of cooperation among two...groups, Kibbutzniks and Persian-origin Israelis, are discussed here. Israeli immigrants' use of ethnic labor markets [is] explored, as well as the nature of co-ethnic cooperation in various industries. Conclusions suggest that Israeli immigrant cooperation is a complex matter, shaped by national loyalties, subgroup ties and the larger social and economic contexts in which they function."
TL;DR: It is concluded that although microlevel characteristics are not the complete answer, they are important for most foreign-born populations in explaining their variation in earnings.
Abstract: This article is concerned with the economic attainment patterns of foreign-born male workers in the United States in 1980. The economic attainment patterns of males born in 92 countries of the worl...
TL;DR: In this paper, a collection of articles by various authors on the socioeconomic and demographic factors affecting labor migration trends from Sri Lanka to the countries of the Middle East is presented, which is considered a main characteristic of the Sri Lankan case.
Abstract: This is a collection of articles by various authors on the socioeconomic and demographic factors affecting labor migration trends from Sri Lanka to the countries of the Middle East. "The book [first]...presents the concept of survival migration which is considered a main characteristic of the Sri Lankan case. The work goes on to describe the recruiting process and the level of fees which migrants have to pay for a job abroad; the policy of the Gulf States with regard to labour migration; the socio-economic conditions of the Sri Lankan migrant workers; the socio-economic position and religious status of Sri Lankan Muslim [migrant] women...; the impact of labour migration on Sri Lankan society--specifically on social stratification social mobility household structure marriage stability and the well-being of children--and conditions which lead to the early return of migrants." (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: The hypothesis of declining disadvantage is supported, as second-generation immigrants and those with more years in Australia had significantly more favorable conditions than recent immigrants both overall and within country of origin groups.
Abstract: This paper examines the assimilation hypothesis for young adult first- and second-generation immigrants in Australia. Models of the total weeks of unemployment and the number of spells of unemployment are examined as indicators of relative labor market conditions. The study differs from earlier work by focusing on young first- and second-generation immigrants and by utilizing information over four consecutive years of the Australian Longitudinal Survey (ALS) data a comprehensive data set compiled for 1985-1988. The results consistently indicate that even when controlling for qualifications both first- and second-generation immigrants are at a disadvantage. (EXCERPT)