Showing papers on "Human sexuality published in 1991"

Characteristics of aggressors against women: testing a model using a national sample of college students.

Abstract: Structural equation modeling was used to study the characteristics of college men (N = 2,652) who aggressed against women either sexually, nonsexually, or both. According to the model, hostile childhood experiences affect involvement in delinquency, leading to aggression through two paths: (a) hostile attitudes and personality, which result in coerciveness both in sexual and nonsexual interactions, and (b) sexual promiscuity, which, especially in interaction with hostility, produces sexual aggression. In addition, sexual and nonsexual coercion were hypothesized to share a common underlying factor. Although its development was guided by integrating previous theory and research, the initial model was refined in half of the sample and later replicated in the second half. Overall, it fitted the data very well in both halves and in a separate replication with a sample for whom data were available about sexual but not about nonsexual aggression.

Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay and Bisexual Youth

Abstract: Studies of human sexuality have noted high rates of suicidality among homosexual youth, but the problem has not been systematically examined. This work was undertaken to identify risk factors for suicide attempts among bisexual and homosexual male youth. Subjects were 137 gay and bisexual males, 14 through 21 years of age, from the upper Midwest and Pacific Northwest. Forty-one subjects (41/137) reported a suicide attempt; and almost half of them described multiple attempts. Twenty-one percent of all attempts resulted in medical or psychiatric admissions. Compared with nonattempters, attempters had more feminine gender roles and adopted a bisexual or homosexual identity at younger ages. Attempters were more likely than peers to report sexual abuse, drug abuse, and arrests for misconduct. The findings parallel previous studies9 results and also introduce novel suicide risk factors related to gender nonconformity and sexual milestones.

Fraternity gang rape : sex, brotherhood and privilege on campus

Abstract: This book on gang rape in fraternities tells explicitly about sexual practices on university campuses. The evidence shows how gang rape occurs with regularity in fraternities, in athletic dorms, and in other exclusively male enclaves. Male bonding, pornography, what culture teaches adolescents about sex, and the "boys will be boys" attitude of authorities all contribute, according to the author, to an atmosphere which leads to sexual harassment, to date rape, to gang rape. Beginning with one incident at one fraternity when, after a Thursday night party, one woman - all accounts agree - had sex with five or six fraternity brothers, the book explores what happened through interviews with the victim, the participants, onlookers, and university administrators. Professor Sanday reconstructs the daily life in the fraternity, showing the role played by pornography, male bonding, degrading jokes, and ritual dances in shaping the fraternities' attitude toward women and toward sexuality. Two fraternity brothers were willing to share details of the humiliating initiation rituals they were compelled to undergo, and they are presented here. According to the research, gang rape occurs widely on college campuses. The evidence suggests a common pattern, in which the brothers seek out a "party girl", a vulnerable young woman, one who is seeking acceptance, or is high on alcohol - sometimes her drinks have been deliberately spiked - and then take her to a room. She may or may not agree to have sex with one man. She then generally passes out and a "train" of men have sex with her. Party invitations may even suggest the possibility of a "train". Incidents of this sort are rarely prosecuted or even labeled rape, part of an institutional attitude which privileges men and sanctions sexual power. This sobering view of sexual life among America's youth is one which some may, despite all evidence, choose to disbelieve. Yet what cannot be denied or ignored is the struggle by college-aged men and women to define their sexuality in the terms society offers them. Taught to deny the feminine and embrace sexual power, as this view suggests, men can see it their natural right to degrade and to assault women. And women - the unwilling victims - through their own lack of self esteem or sense of power, may seek social status by attaching themselves to men in power, in this case, the fraternity brothers.

Normative Sexual Behavior in Children

Abstract: A large-scale, community-based survey was done to assess the frequency of a wide variety of sexual behaviors in normal preadolescent children and to measure the relationship of these behaviors to age, gender, and socioeconomic and family variables. A sample of 880 2- through 12-year-old children screened to exclude those with a history of sexual abuse were rated by their mothers using several questionnaire measures. The frequency of different behaviors varied widely, with more aggressive sexual behaviors and behaviors imitative of adults being rare. Older children (both boys and girls) were less sexual than younger children. Sexuality was found to be related to the level of general behavior problems, as measured by the Achenbach Internalizing and Externalizing T scores and to a measure of family nudity. It was not related to socioeconomic variables.

The sexuality of organization.

Abstract: The Sexuality of Organization - Gibson Burrell and Jeff Hearn Gender, Sexuality and Organization Theory - Albert J Mills Gender, Sexuality and the Labour Process - Peta Tancred-Sheriff Sexuality in the Workplace - Barbara A Gutek Key Issues in Social Research and Organizational Practice Sexuality in the Workplace - Nancy DiTomaso Discrimination and Harassment Sexuality in the Workplace - David L Collinson and Margaret Collinson The Domination of Men's Sexuality Private Experiences in the Public Domain - Wendy Parkin Sexuality and Residential Care Organizations Private Experiences in the Public Domain - Marny Hall Lesbians in Organizations Organizations, Power and Sexuality - Deborah L Sheppard The Image and Self-Image of Women Managers Bureaucracy, Rationality and Sexuality - Rosemary Pringle The Case of Secretaries The Sexuality of Organization - The Editors A Postcript

Juvenile Sexual Offending: Causes, Consequences, and Correction

Abstract: Acknowledgments ix About the Editors xi About the Contributors xiii Introduction xv PART One THE PROBLEM 1 Sexually Abusive Youth: Defining the Problem and the Population 3 Gail Ryan 2 Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Offenses Committed by Juveniles 9 Gail Ryan PART Two CAUSES: THEORY AND RESEARCH 3 Theories of Etiology 15 Gail Ryan 4 Sexuality in the Context of Development From Birth to Adulthood 31 Floyd M. Martinson with contemporary additions by Gail Ryan 5 Deviancy: Development Gone Wrong 55 Brandt R. Steele and Gail Ryan 6 Typology Research: Refining Our Understanding of a Diverse Population 70 Tom Leversee 7 Static, Stable, and Dynamic Factors Relevant to Abusive Behaviors 80 Gail Ryan 8 Patterns of Affect and Cognition: Dynamics AssociatedWith Behavior 101 Gail Ryan 9 Habituated Patterns: The Sexual Abuse Cycle 116 Sandy Lane and Gail Ryan 10 The Families of Sexually Abusive Youth 147 Gail Ryan PART Three CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE SEXUAL OFFENDING 11 Consequences for Those Victimized and Those Who Offend 167 Gail Ryan 12 Juvenile Justice, Legislative, and Policy Responses to Juvenile Sexual Offenses 183 Christopher Lobanov-Rostovsky PART Four CORRECTION: DIFFERENTIAL INTERVENTIONS 13 Comprehensive and Individualized Evaluation and Ongoing Assessment 201 Tom Leversee 14 Comprehensive Service Delivery With a Continuum of Care 224 Steven Bengis 15 Adult Responsibilities: Abuse-Specific Supervision and Care 231 Gail Ryan PART Five TREATMENT: INTEGRATING THEORY AND METHOD IN A GOAL-ORIENTED APPROACH 16 Therapeutic Relationships and the Process of Change 253 Kevin M. Powell 17 Integrating Theory and Method: Goal-Oriented Treatment 263 Gail Ryan, Tom Leversee, and Sandy Lane 18 Sexuality: The Offense-Specific Component of Treatment 311 Gail Ryan, Tom Leversee, and Sandy Lane 19 Brain Development and Function: Neurology and Psychiatry in the Treatment of Sexually Abusive Youth 344 Tom Leversee and Gail Ryan 20 Family Therapy: A Critical Component in Treatment of Sexually Abusive Youth 357 Jerry Thomas, in Cooperation with the Editors 21 Special Populations: Children, Female, Developmentally Disabled, and Violent Youth 380 Gail Ryan, Tom Leversee, and Sandy Lane PART Six PERPETRATION PREVENTION 22 The Public Health Approach: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Perpetration Prevention 417 Gail Ryan PART Seven WORKING WITH SEXUAL ABUSE 23 The Impact of Sexual Abuse on the Interventionist 441 Gail Ryan, Sandy Lane, and Tom Leversee Name Index 457 Subject Index 471

Adolescent self‐efficacy, self‐esteem and sexual risk‐taking

Abstract: Self efficacy self esteem and sexual risk taking are examined among 1788 post secondary school students in victoria Australia in the classroom and a mail in questionnaire on knowledge attitudes and behavior related to AIDs. The mean age was 18.3 years; 73% were female. Volunteers came from rural urban vocational and liberal arts schools. 98% were heterosexual and only nonvirgins were selected. Self efficacy was based on a 20 item scale by Libman et al. Self esteem was adapted from scales by Offer and Marsh and tested in a pilot study for consistency. Sexual behavior and risk questions were developed by the project. The results indicated that respondents felt confident in their ability to engage in a range of sex behaviors and to obtain condoms discuss their use and delay sex until contraception was available. However there were low levels of reported condom use. There is a disparity between what respondents say they do and what they believe they can do. Discussing pregnancy prevention may be easier that discussing safe sex. The self efficacy scale wasnt very discriminatory. Care must be taken in linking self efficacy with behavior. Mastery of contraception may not imply the same regard for safe sex precautions. Sexual risktaking was accounted for very little by the set of sexual self perceptions. There were differences in the sense of mastery and in sexual self esteem between men and women however the patterns of relationships which predicted risktaking were similiar. Also factors predicting risk with a casual partner were different from those with a regular partner. Saying No to sex reduces the incidence of unsafe sex among casual partners but in a long term relationship trust of ones partner and communication skills are more salient. AIDs is not perceived to be a risk factor. Assertive skills and feelings of self worth lead to sexual satisfaction but not necessarily protection from AIDs. The reality is that many youth engage in regular relationships that are short term and not monogamous and this is perceived as sexually safe. Spontaneity of sexual behavior may be a critical factor in ones taking precautions. Control of immediate encounters is what requires mastery. Self reports of sexual behavior studies are all limited by accuracy honesty of recall and willingness to report socially disapproved behavior but there is no alternative. The decision to engage in safe sex is governed by multiple factors only 1 of which is confidence in ones ability.

The impact of breast cancer on sexuality, body image, and intimate relationships.

Abstract: For women, breast cancer remains a common and dreaded experience. It is normal for a diagnosis of breast cancer to evoke grief, anger, and intense fear. Most women, however, face this crisis and master it without developing major psychiatric disorders or severe sexual dysfunction. The options of breast conservation and reconstruction give women a new sense of control over their treatment and are quite successful in helping women feel comfortable with their bodies again. The effectiveness of breast conservation and reconstruction in preventing or ameliorating sexual problems after breast cancer diagnosis is less clear, however. Any impact these options have on sexuality is subtle and may relate more to a woman's feelings of being desirable than to how often she has sex, her lovemaking practices, or how much she enjoys sex. We need more information on how chemotherapy and hormonal therapy affect women's sex lives. As clinicians, we should pay more attention to our patients' complaints of vaginal pain, dryness, and overall loss of sexual desire during systemic treatment. Practical advice on lovemaking techniques and a clinician's open attitude towards discussing sexual issues can prevent a great deal of anxiety and sadness as women with breast cancer search for ways to keep their sex lives satisfying.

Before sexuality : the construction of erotic experience in the ancient Greek world

Abstract: A dream in which a man has sex with his mother may promise him political or commercial success--according to dream interpreters of late antiquity, who, unlike modern Western analysts, would not necessarily have drawn conclusions from the dream about the dreamer's sexual psychology. Evidence of such shifts in perspective is leading scholars to reconsider in a variety of creative ways the history of sexuality. In these fifteen original essays, eminent cultural historians and classicists not only discuss sex, but demonstrate how norms, practices, and even the very definitions of what counts as sexual activity have varied significantly over time. Ancient Greece offers abundant evidence for a radically different set of sexual standards and behaviors from ours. Sex in ancient Hellenic culture assumed a variety of social and political meanings, whereas the modern development of a sex-centered model of personality now leads us to view sex as the key to understanding the individual. Drawing on both the Anglo-American tradition of cultural anthropology and the French tradition of les sciences humaines, these essays explore the iconography, politics, ethics, poetry, and medical practices that made sex in ancient Greece not a paradise of liberation but an exotic locale hardly recognizable to visitors from the modern world. In addition to the editors, the contributors to this volume are Peter Brown, Anne Carson, Franoise Frontisi-Ducroux, Maud W. Gleason, Ann Ellis Hanson, Franois Lissarrague, Nicole Loraux, Maurice Olender, S.R.F. Price, James Redfield, Giulia Sissa, and Jean-Pierre Vernant.

Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation in Argentina

Abstract: "The history of Latin American women has received increased attention from scholars in the last twenty years. The history of gender relations in the region has barely begun, however, and one could say the same of the historical study of prostitution and sexuality. Donna Guy's book is an important and imaginative contribution to the literature on all these topics."--The Americas. "A significant contribution to the study of how marginal women (and men) have helped define social, economic, and political acceptability...The author's goal--to show the 'relationship of female sexual commerce to family, class, and nation'--is realized in a very readable analysis of mid-nineteenth- to mid-twentieth-century Argentina from the perspective of the underworld of prostitutes, bordellos, and international white slavery rings."--Hispanic American Historical Review. "Guy's well-organized study of a vast array of social, political, and cultural currents will be of interest to scholars of comparative women's studies and to historians who are engaged in the complicated task of integrating the study of gender relations into economic, political, and social history."--American Historical Review. "Guy's study is a salutary reminder of how deeply prostitution influences the politics of nationalism, of social control and of cultural identity, not just in Argentina but in Europe as well."--Manchester Guardian. Donna J. Guy, a professor of history at the University of Arizona, is the author of Argentine Sugar Politics: Tucuman and the Generation of Eighty.

Law, Sexuality, and Society: The Enforcement of Morals in Classical Athens

Abstract: Centering on the examination of the social and legal context of adultery, homosexuality, impiety, and the public-private dichotomy in Athenian society, this book attempts to examine the problems of social control and the regulation of sexuality in a way that will be of interest to a broad readership. It uses a comparative approach to show how the examination of such issues can deepen our understanding of classical Athens, particularly in regard to the role of law in society. Further, it argues that this historical investigation can, in turn, enrich our general appreciation of the relation of social and legal norms, and the roles they play in regulating complex social practices, such as those associated with sexuality, morals and the family.

The role of assertiveness in female sexuality: A comparative study between sexually assertive and sexually nonassertive women

Abstract: To examine the role of assertiveness in female sexuality, a nonclinical population of married women (ages 18–31 years) were stratified as above or below the median score (73) on sexual assertiveness, as measured by the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness (HISA), and matched accordingly for demographics, resulting in two samples: sexually assertive and sexually nonassertive, each group consisting of 50 women. Comparative assessments were made between the two matched samples on frequency of sexual activity, number of orgasms, subjective sexual desire, and both marital and sexual satisfaction. The l-tesl was used to test the equality of means between samples. Pearson's π was used for correlational data. ANOVA methods were employed to examine race, religion, and employment status. Using t-test, significant differences between the two groups appeared on all five measures. Sexually assertive women reported higher frequencies of sexual activity and orgasms, rated themselves as having greater subjecti...

Intimate Relations: Exploring Indian Sexuality

Abstract: Plumbing the hearts of women and men in India and exploring the relations they engage in, Sudhir Kakar gives us the first full-length study of Indian sexuality. His groundbreaking work explores India's sexual fantasies and ideals, the "unlit stage of desire where so much of our inner theater takes place." Kakar's sources are primarily textual, celebrating the primacy of the story in Indian life. He practices a cultural psychology that distills the psyches of individuals from the literary products and social institutions of Indian culture. These include examples of lurid contemporary Hindi novels; folktales; Sanskrit, Tamil, and Hindi proverbs; hits of the Indian cinema; Gandhi's autobiography; interviews with women from the slums of Delhi; and case studies from his own psychoanalytic practice. His attentive readings of these varied narratives from a vivid portrait of sexual fantasies and realities, reflecting the universality of sexuality as well as cultural nuances specific to India. Moving from genre to genre, Kakar offers a brilliant reading of verses from the "Laws of Manu," the original source of Hindu religious laws, to uncover their psychological foundations male terror of the female sexual appetite that shields itself by idealizing women's maternal role. Kakar also examines the psychosexual history of Gandhi at length, though his near-lifelong celibacy makes him an atypical subject. Gandhi's story is universal, Kakar says, because "we all wage war on our wants." In India's lore and tradition, complex symbols abound snakes that take the shape of sensual women or handsome men, celibates sleep with naked women, gods rape their daughters, and a goddess fries a king in oil. With the analyst's "third ear," Kakar listens, decodes, and translates the psychological longings that find expression in Indian sexual relations."

Disorders of Desire: Sex and Gender in Modern American Sexology

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: The Emergence of Scientific Sexology 1. Toward a "Value-Free" Science of Sex: The Kinsey Reports 2. Science, Medicine, and a Market Part II: Sexology at a Crossroad: Consolidation and Confusion 3. The Humanistic Theme in Sexology 4. Sexual Science and Sexual Politics 5. Conflict and Accommodation: Who Defines Sexuality? Part III: The Practice of Scientific Sexology: Sex Therapy and Gender Research 6. Repairing the Conjugal Bed: The Clinical Practice of Modern Sex Therapy 7. Boys Will Be Girls: Contemporary Research on Gender Conclusion Notes Index

Double Standard/Double Bind: The Sexual Double Standard and Women's Communication about Sex

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that the sexual double standard, which gives more sexual freedom to men than women, might in some situations make women reluctant to acknowledge their desire for sexual intercourse. We asked 403 college women whether they had been in situations in which (a) they were with a man who wanted to have sexual intercourse, and they wanted to have sexual intercourse with him, but they indicated that they did not want to do so (scripted refusal); and (b) they were in the same situation, but they openly acknowledged their willingness to have sexual intercourse (open acknowledgment). If they had been in either or both of these situations, they were asked to complete a scale measuring acceptance of the sexual double standard, first the way they believed their partner would have completed it, and next the way they would have completed it. As expected, women in scripted refusal situations believed that their partners accepted the double standard more than did women in open acknowledgment situat...

The experience of sexual desire: Psychological correlates in a college sample

Abstract: In order to elaborate on available models of sexual desire, we administered a sexual desire questionnaire to 144 college students, ages 18 to 54. Included in this measure were questions concerning the frequency of sexual desire, whether the respondent had participated in sexual activity without desire, or vice versa, experienced desire without sexual behavior, and a question assessing which cues are used by the subject to gauge sexual desire (e.g., frequency of intercourse, sexual dreams). Subjects also completed the Passionate Love Scale, Sexual Arousal Inventory, and Crowne‐Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. The results indicate that as a group, males report experiencing sexual desire more frequently than females. Males appeared to rely on similar indicators of desire as females, specifically genital arousal and sexual daydreams. For both males and females, sexual desire was significantly correlated with sexual arousal (r = 0.50, females; r = 0.44, males) while the correlation of desire and love was non...

Contested Identities: Gender and Kinship in Modern Greece

Abstract: In this collection leading anthropologists provide a comprehensive yet highly nuanced view of what it means to be a Greek man or woman, married or unmarried, functioning within a complex society based on kinship ties. Exploring the ways in which sexual identity is constructed, these authors discuss, for example, how going out for coffee embodies dominant ideas about female sexuality, moral virtue, and autonomy; why men in a Lesbos village maintain elaborate friendships with nonfamily members while the women do not; why young housewives often participate in conflict-resolution rituals; and how the dominant role of mature married householders is challenged by unmarried persons who emphasize spontaneity and personal autonomy. This collection demonstrates that kinship and gender identities in Greece are not unitary and fixed: kinship is organized in several highly specific forms, and gender identities are plural, competing, antagonistic, and are continually being redefined by contexts and social change.

Stress from infertility, marriage factors, and subjective well-being of wives and husbands.

Abstract: Stress associated with the inability to have a child is linked to four aspects of marriage and to five dimensions of life quality. Data come from 157 couples who met a standard medical definition for infertility. Wives and husbands were interviewed independently, and most of the following findings apply to both. A causal model suggests that fertility problem stress has direct effects that increase marital conflict and decrease sexual self-esteem, satisfaction with own sexual performance, and frequency of sexual intercourse. Also, fertility problem stress has both direct and indirect effects (via the marriage factors) that decrease evaluations of life-as-a-whole, self-efficacy, marriage, intimacy, and health. The negative effects on life quality are stronger for wives than for husbands. The model suggests that the life quality of couples with fertility problems could be improved if health care providers and couples themselves took steps to reduce such stresses and/or reduce their impact on the marriage factors.

The Influence of Religion on Attitudes toward Nonmarital Sexuality: A Preliminary Assessment of Reference Group Theory*

Abstract: Prior research on the relationship between religion and/or religiosity and nonmarital sexuality (i.e., premarital, extramarital, and homosexual relations) has found an inverse relationship with enough consistency to qualify as an empirical generalization. However, while parsimonious, such a generalization is overly simplistic. Moreover, the research findings on which this generalization is based were biased by specification errors due to the employment of a theoretically inappropriate functional form. In this paper, we propose models, derived from reference group theory, which stress an interactive influence of both religion and religiosity on sexual attitudes, rather than the simple bivariate linear effects common in earlier studies. These models were assessed with data from the NORC General Social Surveys. Our findings, obtained from logistic regression analyses, support our theoretical models: The effects of religiosity on nonmarital sexuality vary predictably by religious affiliation.

Women, Girls & Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance

Abstract: Adolescent girls’special needs in the teen-age years are thoroughly examined in Women, Girls & Psychotherapy, a compelling book focusing on the vitality of resistance in young girls. Drawing on studies of women’s and girls’development, clinical work with girls and women, and their personal experiences, the voices of adolescent girls are used to reframe and greater understand their resistance against debilitating conventions of feminine behavior. As adolescent girls are often overlooked in feminist books in psychotherapy, this is an important volume as it looks positively at resistance, both as a political strategy and a health-sustaining process.The chapters cover such diverse topics as reconceptualizations of women’s and girls’psychological development and the psychotherapy relationship; adolescent female sexuality; new approaches to psychological problems commonly seen in girls and women; female adolescent health; and diverse perspectives and experiences of growing up female. The voices of young women are increasingly important in the exploration of the field of psychotherapy and among the voices included are those from African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and lesbians. An enlightening look at resistance in females in the growing up years, this volume provides valuable insight on their experiences. The work of many researchers,therapists, and educators with diverse backgrounds, Women, Girls & Psychotherapy is an informative book on distinct psychological issues facing young females.

Dangerous Passage: The Social Control of Sexuality in Women's Adolescence

Abstract: Acknowledgments Part I: Introduction 1. Sexuality and Social Control Part II: Private Behavior as a Public Problem 2. Setting the Stage, 1960-1972 3. Making the Revolution, 1972-1978 4. Countermovements, 1978-1987 Part III: American Women's Adolescence in Historical Context 5. The Transformation of Women's Adolescence, 1850-1960 6. Rescue Work to Social Work: Management of the Sexually Unorthodox Girl 7. Social Movements for Sexual Control, 1885-1920 Part IV: Aspects of the Contemporary Scene 8. Contemporary Models of Sexual and Reproductive Control 9. The Limits of Professional Power: Medicine as an Agency of Moral Reform 10. Private Behavior and Personal Control: Contraceptive Management Strategies of Adolescent Women Part V: Conclusion 11. Sexual Social Control and the Management of Social Change Notes Bibliography Index

Reporting Sexual Harassment: Exploring a Predictive Model

Abstract: The purposes of this study were (a) to explore the utility of a model for predicting reporting of sexual harassment and (b) to collect data on the incidence of sexual harassment using the Sexual Ex...

Sexual attitudes and knowledge of high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism.

Abstract: Interviewed 21 high-functioning adults with autism and 20 mildly to moderately mentally retarded adults without autism about sexuality and dating. Sexual knowledge and interest were assessed by a sexuality vocabulary checklist and a multiple-choice questionnaire. Group differences were found in experience, with more sexual experiences among the mentally retarded adults, but not in knowledge or interest. In both groups IQ was positively correlated with knowledge scores and males had significantly greater interest in sexuality than females. Implications of sex and group differences are discussed.

Sexuality and people with intellectual disabilities: A historical perspective

Abstract: Until the 1960s, the sexuality of people with mental retardation was handled by denial and suppression. The eugenics movement of 1880–1940 led to forced mass sterilization and the segregation of these members of our society. The civil rights movement and the “sexual revolution” were among the catalysts for change as was the move toward normalization and deinstitutionalization of people with mental retardation. In the last 25 years, parents and professionals have begun to work together to find ways to help mentally handicapped individuals to understand their sexuality and to engage in appropriate self-affirming sexual behaviors. We have established goals, guidelines, and curricula for sexuality education. We have trained parents and staff and developed policies for handling sensitive issues, such as sterilization and problematic sexual expression. The AIDS epidemic has provided new impetus for improving education and training in this emerging field.

Hyperfemininity: Measurement and initial validation of the construct

Abstract: Asocial control model of rape proposes that there are societal mechanisms including rape in place to maintain the power imbalance between males and females. One of the forces that perpetuates the problem of rape is traditional gender‐role socialization. A gender‐role model of rape characterizes males as aggressive initiators of sexual activity and women as passive participants. Research has established a link between extreme adherence to a male gender role and experience with sexual aggression; it has been proposed that females learn attitudes about sexuality that might negatively influence their sexual experiences as well, but there is little research to support such a proposal. In the present study, “hyperfeminine” women were hypothesized to indicate particular traditional attitudes and beliefs regarding the rights and roles of women that would have implications for male‐female relationships. The development of a scale to measure hyperfemininity is reported, and several studies are presented that provid...

Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World

Abstract: (1991). Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 186-186.

Divine passions : the social construction of emotion in India

Abstract: Naked holy men denying sexuality and feeling; elderly people basking in the warmth and security provided by devoted and attentive family members; fastidious priests concerned solely with rules of purity and minutiae of ritual practice; puritanical moralists concealing women and sexuality behind purdah's veilsthese are familiar Western stereotypes of India. The essays in "Divine Passions," however, paint other, more colorful and emotionally alive pictures of India: ecstatic religious devotees rolling in temple dust; gray-haired elders worrying about neglect and mistreatment by family members; priests pursuing a lusty, carefree ideal of the good life; and jokers reviling one another with bawdy, sexual insults at marriages. Drawing on rich ethnographic data from emotion-charged scenarios, these essays question Western academic theories of emotion, particularly those that reduce emotions to physiological sensations or to an individual's private feelings. Presenting an alternative view of emotions as culturally constructed and morally evaluative concepts grounded in the bodily self, the contributors to "Divine Passions" help dispel some of the West's persistent misconceptions of Indian emotional experience. Moreover, the edition as a whole argues for a new and different understanding of India based on field research and an understanding of the devotional (bhakti) tradition."