Showing papers on "Hydrocarbon published in 1982"

In situ conversion of hydrocarbonaceous oil

Abstract: A method for the in situ conversion and recovery of heavy hydrocarbonaceous crude oil containing indigenous trace metal from two adjacent non-communicating hydrocarbon reservoirs which are alternately pressured and recovered which method comprises: (a) heating the heavy hydrocarbonaceous crude oil in a first reservoir to a hydrocarbon conversion temperature; (b) contacting the first reservoir with elemental essentially-anhydrous hydrogen at a pressure from about 200 to about 10,000 psig; (c) heating the heavy hydrocarbonaceous crude oil in a second reservoir to a hydrocarbon conversion temperature; (d) depressuring the first reservoir to yield an effluent comprising hydrocarbonaceous crude oil and unreacted elemental hydrogen; (e) separating the effluent from the first reservoir to recover a hydrocarbonaceous crude oil and a gaseous component comprising elemental hydrogen; (f) contacting the second reservoir with elemental essentially-anhydrous hydrogen, a portion of which is recovered in step (e), at a pressure from about 200 to about 10,000 psig; and (g) depressuring said second reservoir to yield an effluent comprising hydrocarbonaceous crude oil and unreacted elemental hydrogen.

Method for synthesizing diamond

Abstract: A method for synthesizing diamond wherein hydrogen gas which has passed through a micro-wave non-electrode discharge and mixed with hydrocarbon gas, or a mixture gas consisting of hydrocarbon and hydrogen after its passing through a micro-wave non-electrode discharge, is introduced onto the surface of a substrate heated to a temperature of from 300° to 1300° C. to decompose hydrocarbon in its energetically activated state for the diamond deposition.

Viscosity of twelve hydrocarbon liquids in the temperature range 298–348 K at pressures up to 110 MPa

Abstract: New experimental data on the viscosity of 12 organic liquids are presented at temperatures of 25, 30, 50, and 75°C and at pressures up to 110 MPa. The liquids measured are five n-alkanes (C6, C7, C8, C10, C12), cyclohexane, and six aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, p-xylenes). The measurements were performed using a torsionally vibrating crystal method on a relative basis with an uncertainty less than 2%. A linear relationship between fluidity and molar volume, which is predicted from the hard-sphere theory, fails at pressures above 50 MPa. The rough hard-sphere model proposed by Chandler provides a reasonable representation of the data for aromatic hydrocarbons, while for n-alkanes the agreement is not satisfactory because of an aspherical shape of molecules. The viscosity data can be correlated well with the molar volume by a free-volume expression and also can be represented as a function of pressure by a similar expression to the Tait equation.

CO2 Removal from high CO2 content hydrocarbon containing streams

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is removed from CO 2 and hydrocarbon containing gaseous streams. In the instance where the hydrocarbons and CO 2 are such that hydrocarbons would condense out during CO 2 removal, the gas stream is treated in one or more stages to accomplish hydrocarbon composition control.

Hydrocarbon class fractionation with bonded-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract: Several liquid chromatography bonded phases were evaluated for their selectivity toward functional group types in the separation of hydrocarbon mixtures. One stationary phase, a dual functional material consisting of alkylnitrile substituted secondary alkylamine groups bonded to silica, showed improved selectivity toward functional group types in the separation of hydrocarbon functional groups. Columns packed with this stationary phase are shown to be suitable for rapid class fractionations of petroleum crudes and similar materials (shale oils, coal oils, etc.) into saturated, olefinic, and aromatic hydrocarbons; more polar compounds are retained on the column. A new multidimensional backflush technique uses a strong solvent to strip the polar constituents from the column, resulting in a complete fractionation in 12 min. The procedure was found to be applicable to petroleum crudes, shale oils, coal oils, and other similar materials. The ability of the class fractionation to simplify subsequent analyses is also demonstrated.

Mechanistic study of carbon monoxide hydrogenation over ruthenium catalysts

Abstract: The mechanism of the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to hydrocarbon products over ruthenium catalysts has been investigated. By measuring the adsorption and observing the infrared adsorption spectra of the adsorbed species during the course of the reaction, the accumulation of surface hydrocarbon species on the ruthenium catalysts was confirmed, whereas most of the surface was covered by molecularly adsorbed carbon monoxide. The reaction intermediate was examined using carbon-13. The reactivity of deposited carbon formed by the Boudouard reaction has also been studied using carbon-13. It is concluded from the behaviour of the surface species under the reaction conditions that all the hydrocarbon products are produced via dissociatively adsorbed CO with no CO insertion. The rate-determining step has been examined, leading to the conclusion that it comprises the conversion of C1 intermediates to the reaction products.

Chemical Characterization of Organic Adsorbates on Diesel Particulate Matter

Abstract: The organic adsorbates on diesel particulate matter are characterized by a combination of chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. These data are obtained for particulate matter generated under constant engine operating conditions using a model fuel and a synthetic lubricant, with air or argon/oxygen as the oxidant systems. The significance of these results is that the polycyclic aromatic compounds which were produced by these experiments are the inherent products from the diffusion controlled combustion in a diesel engine. Also, these results suggest that there are common intermediates which produce the polycyclic aromatic compounds that are independent of the structure and chain length of the hydrocarbon fuel. 27 refs.

Process for recovery of natural gas liquids from a sweetened natural gas stream

Abstract: A sweet natural gas stream is stripped of water and hydrocarbon components heavier than methane to substantially any selected degree by countercurrent extraction with polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether while at pipeline pressures The stripped natural gas meets pipeline specifications The rich polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether is let down in pressure through selected successive stages which respectively isolate fractions that are rich in ethane, propane, butanes, and hydrocarbons heavier than butane Lastly, waste water is removed from the solvent to regenerate the polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether The separated gas streams of ethane, propane, butanes, and hydrocarbons heavier than butanes are individually compressed, combined, condensed and cooled to form a natural gas liquid stream, suitable for pipeline shipment A sour natural gas stream may also be treated in the same equipment if adequate solvent quantities are employed to remove water and acidic components from the sour gas and if a sweetening unit is added to remove the acidic components from the combined liquid hydrocarbon stream

Process for producing conjugated diene polymer using a solubilized lanthanum carboxylate catalyst

Abstract: A process for producing a conjugated diene polymer, characterized by polymerizing at least one conjugated diene with a catalyst consisting of (A) a reaction product of a Lewis base and a carboxylate of a rare earth element of the lanthanum series represented by Ln(R1 CO2)3 wherein Ln is a rare earth element of the lanthanum series having an atomic number of 57 to 71 and R1 is a hydrocarbon substituent having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (B) an organic aluminum compound represented by AlR2 R3 R4 wherein R2, R3 and R4, which may be identical or different, represent hydrogen atoms or hydrocarbon substituents having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, excluding the case where all of R2, R3 and R4 are hydrogen atoms at the same time, and (C) an (alkyl)aluminum halide represented by AlXn R5 3-n wherein X is Cl, Br, F or I; R5 is a hydrocarbon substituent having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; and n has a value of 1, 1.5, 2 or 3, or consisting of these (A), (B) and (C) components and (D) a conjugated diene. A polymer obtained by said process has a high cis-1,4-configuration content and is excellent in physical properties of vulcanizate.

Hydrocarbon gases emitted from vehicles on the road. 1. A qualitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry survey.

Abstract: The gas-phase hydrocarbons greater than or equal to C/sub 5/ generated by motor vehicles in highway operation were surveyed in the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1979. The samples were collected on Tenax GC polymer adsorbent and analyzed by glass-capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Approximately 400 vehicle-generated compounds were detected. Of these, over 300 were either completely or partially identified. In the various tunnel samples the same peaks are always present, with relative intensities varying according to the traffic composition. The compounds identified fall largely into homolgous series of normal and branched alkanes, alkenes, and various alkyl series based on cyclopentane, cyclohexane, benzene, styrene, indan, naphthalene, and decalin. Compounds not associated with homolgous series include indene, divinylbenzene, phenylacetylene, benzaldehyde, phenol, and a few halocarbons. Results from a preliminary experiment in 1977 at the Tuscarora Mountain Tunnell are also reported.

Catalytic hydrocracking in the presence of hydrogen donor

Abstract: A process is disclosed in which a heavy hydrocarbon oil is converted to lighter products by hydrocracking in the presence of a hydrogen donor material boiling from 200° C. to 300° C. and a particulate hydrogenation catalyst comprising one of cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten and mixtures thereof.

Preparation of carbon fiber by vapor phase method

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain carbon fibers in high yield with high productivity, by thermally decomposing a hydrocarbon in the presence of a floating ultrafine powder of a high-melting metal (or a compound thereof). CONSTITUTION: A hydrocarbon and a carrier gas, e.g. H 2 , are introduced from an introductory pipe 4 into a reaction tube 1 heated at 950W1,300°C by a heater 2 in the direction of arrow (A), and an ultrafine powder of a high-melting metal (or a compound thereof), e.g. Fe, is simultaneously introduced from a nozzle 8 of a spray 3 into the reaction tube 1 by the injection of a volatile medium 7. In the reaction zone, the hydrocarbon is thermally decomposed to grow carbon fibers 10 in the presence of the floating ultrafine powder 9 as a catalyst, and the ultrafine powder is stuck to the resultant carbon fibers 10 and give the aimed branched carbon fibers 12. The floating branched carbon fibers 12 are then collected from an outlet pipe 5. On the other hand, the carbon fibers 11 dropped onto a substrate 6 continue the growing even on the substrate 6 and then are collected. COPYRIGHT: (C)1983,JPO&Japio

Method and means for preparing and dispersing atomed hydrocarbon with fluid catalyst particles in a reactor zone

Abstract: The invention described is concerned with atomizing an oil fraction of crude oil to provide a fog of oil droplets in diluent gaseous material which is sprayed into an upwardly flowing annular dense mass of catalyst particles to form a high temperature suspension therewith and conveyed through a riser conversion zone under selected hydrocarbon conversion conditions suitable for cracking the oil droplets to gasoline and light cycle oil boiling range products. The oil feed preparation and distribution arrangement to form a suspension with catalyst particles of desired elevated temperature is employed in combination with a two-stage catalyst regeneration operation designed and operated to achieve catalyst temperatures at least equal to the pseudo-critical temperature of the oil feed and at least above the end boiling point of gas oil boiling range material and resid product of vacuum distillation.

The Effect of Oil Layers on the Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark-Ignited Engines

Abstract: Measured amounts of oil were added to the engine cylinder of a single-cylinder CFR engine to determine the effect of oil layers on exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. The exhaust hydrocarbon concentration increased in proportion to the amount of oil added when the engine was fueled on isooctane. Addition of 0·6 cm3 of oil produced an increase of 1000 ppmC in exhaust hydrocarbon emissions at a coolant temperature of 320°K. Gas chromatographic analysis of the exhaust determined that fuel and fuel oxidation species, not oil oxidation products, were responsible for most of the increase. Similar experiments performed with propane fuel showed no increase in exhaust emissions when oil was added to the cylinder. These measurements have determined that the increase in tailpipe hydrocarbon concentration consists of fuel related species and is proportional to both the amount of oil added and the solubility of the fuel in the oil. Thus, we believe that the principal source of this increase in exhaust hydrocarbon ...

The interaction of ethane, propane, isobutane, and neopentane with the (110) surface of iridium

Abstract: The adsorption and reaction of ethane, propane, isobutane, and neopentane with the reconstructed Ir (110)–(1×2) surface have been studied with the thermal description mass spectrometry. As the surface is heated, these hydrocarbons decompose to yield gaseous hydrogen and adsorbed carbon. No hydrocarbons other than the hydrocarbon initially adsorbed was observed to desorb under any of the conditions described in this investigation. The reactivity of the surface for the dissociation of the saturated hydrocarbons is linearly related to the availability of vacant β2 hydrogen adsites on the surface. Three thermal desorption states of hydrogen, identified as the α, β′2, and γ thermal desorption states, were observed following the dissociation of propane, isobutane, and neopentane. The α and γ thermal desorption states are hydrogen molecules desorbing from the surface following the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon fragments on the surface, and the β′2 thermal desorption state represents hydrogen atoms that are bound to the metal surface in sites that are similar to the β2 adsites of hydrogen on the clean surface. The thermal desorption of hydrogen following exposure of the surface to ethane exhibits only a β′2 thermal desorption peak.

Cryogenic distillative removal of CO2 from high CO2 content hydrocarbon containing streams

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is removed from a carbon dioxide containing hydrocarbon stream having a varying composition of light lean oil components in the C 3 through C 10 range. A light lean oil recycle stream of predetermined carbon number range is produced and utilized in the cryogenic distillative process.

Catalytic component for polymerization of α-olefin and method for homo- or co-polymerization of α-olefin

Abstract: A Ziegler type supported catalytic component for polymerization of an α-olefin is prepared by allowing an organo-magnesium compound expressed by a generic formula of R'MgX' (wherein R' represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and X' either a halogen atom chosen out of chlorine, bromine and iodine or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms) to react wtih carbon tetrahalide in the presence of an electron donor compound to obtain a solid product through a solid-liquid separation process; by heat treating the separated solid product with a carbon halide; by treating the heat treated solid product with phenols at 90° to 180° C.; and by treating this phenol treated product further with a halogenated titanium compound. Homo- or co-polymerization of an α-olefin is carried out in the presence or a catalyst composition consisting of the above catalytic component and an organo-aluminum compound. With this catalytic component, stereospecific polymerization of an α-olefin can be stably carried out at high temperature.

The Ion-Molecule Chemistry of C3H3 + and the Implications for Soot Formation

Abstract: The ion-molecule chemistry of C3H3 + is systematically investigated with a series of alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic molecules under low-pressure, room temperature conditions. Based upon their reactivity differences, two C3H3 +structures are distinguished and are assigned as the cyclic (the most stable) and linear isomers. Cyclic C3H3 +readily reacts with unsaturated compounds having four or more carbon atoms. Linear C3H3 +is found to be even more reactive and, in particular, forms condensation products with acetylene and benzene. The relevance of these results for the higher temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions of a flame environment is discussed. Since C3H3 + has been found to be the dominant positive ion for rich and sooting hydrocarbon flames, its high reactivity provides a rapid first step in the ion models of soot formation.

Production of hydrofined hydrocarbon resins

Abstract: An improved method for making hydrogenated petroleum resins by subjecting the resin to hydrogenation in the presence of a sulfided nickel (2 to 10 wt. %)--tungsten (10 to 25 wt. %) catalyst supported on a gamma-alumina having fresh catalyst surface area ranging from 120 to 300 m 2 /g under a hydrogen pressure of 150 to 200 atmospheres and at a temperature in the range 250° C. to 330° C. and the resins so produced.

Process for selectively hydrogenating a di-olefin in a mixture of hydrocarbons having at least 4 carbon atoms and comprising an α-olefin

Abstract: Process for selectively hydrogenating a diolefin present in a mixture of hydrocarbons having at least 4 carbon atoms per molecule: the hydrocarbon mixture is reacted with hydrogen in contact with a catalyst comprising palladium and silver, the molar ratio of hydrogen to the diolefin being from 1:1 to 5:1.