Showing papers on "Identity (social science) published in 1972"
TL;DR: This paper argued that ethnic identity is a somewhat unimportant and ephemeral nuisance that will unquestionably give way to a common identity uniting all inhabitants of the state, regardless of ethnic heritage, as modern communication and transportation networks link the state's various parts more closely.
Abstract: Scholars associated with theories of “nation-building” have tended either to ignore the question of ethnic diversity or to treat the matter of ethnic identity superficially as merely one of a number of minor impediments to effective state-integration. To the degree that ethnic identity is given recognition, it is apt to be as a somewhat unimportant and ephemeral nuisance that will unquestionably give way to a common identity uniting all inhabitants of the state, regardless of ethnic heritage, as modern communication and transportation networks link the state's various parts more closely. Both tendencies are at sharp variance with the facts, and have contributed to the undue optimism that has characterized so much of the literature on “nation-building.”
541 citations
115 citations
86 citations
TL;DR: Anxiety as an emotional response can be examined in terms of several dimensions such as the subjective, cognitive, behavioural and physiological, and progress will ultimately come by studying all aspects and neglecting none.
Abstract: Anxiety is a protean and complex phenomenon. If speculation has outstripped facts this reflects the paucity of data rather than the burgeoning of hypotheses. Anxiety is best regarded as an emotional response syndrome. A disease syndrome is not defined by any single symptom or sign, nor is an emotion understandable in terms of an isolated feeling or a physiological change. The character and identity of an emotion is inferred from the pattern and development of particular reactions, the conditions eliciting the reactions and the state of the individual. Each emotion comprises many component reactions occurring concurrently and sequentially. Anxiety as an emotional response can be examined in terms of several dimensions such as the subjective, cognitive, behavioural and physiological, and progress will ultimately come by studying all aspects and neglecting none.
80 citations
TL;DR: Interviews with young men ages 16 to 22 who had had at least one homosexual experience to orgasm revealed that certain significant events over a period of time usually preceded the individual's self-designation, "I am a homosexual."
Abstract: Interviews with young men ages 16 to 22 who had had at least one homosexual experience to orgasm revealed that certain significant events over a period of time usually preceded the individual's self-designation, "I am a homosexual." These events include (1) early sex play (whether prepuberty or postpuberty) the individual recalled as homosexual in nature, (2) actually seeking persons for homosexual contact (as adolescents), and (3) "coming out" (participating in the gay world). Four years separated the mean ages of first homosexual experience to orgasm14and self-designation as a homosexual.18This period was, for many, one of extreme emotional turmoil. Of 60 subjects, 29 (48%) had visited a psychiatrist and 19 (31%) had made what they considered to be a significant suicide attempt.
72 citations
TL;DR: The psychophysical correspondence thesis of as discussed by the authors states that mental events (say, pains) have phenomenal properties (such as throbbing, being sharp, etc.) which no physical events have.
Abstract: My aim in this paper is to discuss, and provide answers to, two of the more important objections to the identity theory of mind. The first objection I shall consider rests on the observation that mental events (say, pains) have phenomenal properties (say, throbbing, being sharp, etc.) which no physical events have. We may call this "the objection from phenomenal properties." The second objection to be discussed argues that the identification of, say, pain with a physico-chemical state of the brain entails that some unique physico chemical state must invariably correlate with the occurrences of pain, and that, given the possibility of diverse "physical realizations" of pain (we can for instance think of creatures with a biochemistry that is very different from ours), this is extremely unlikely. In I, I examine and reject two proposed solutions to the difficul ties created by the phenomenal properties of mental events, and show how these difficulties can be avoided by a formulation of the identity theory based on an analysis of events (this formulation itself is not new). In II, the version of the identity theory thus developed is seen to entail the thesis of psychophysical correspondence, viz., the thesis that types of psychological events are lawfully correlated with types of physical events. I indicate here how a version of the identity theory that does not involve the psychophysical correspondence thesis can be formulated; such a version, however, is vulnerable to the objection from phenomenal properties. In III, I take up the second objection. I show, first, that the basis of the claim that the psychophysical correspondence thesis is unlikely to be true is not as firm as it might appear, and, second, that even if there were no universal, species-independent psychophysical correlations, that would not rule out the identity theory. I close with some queries about the range of mental events that come under the correspondence thesis. I
71 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The authors of reading series, too, recognize the influence of story content on social learning as mentioned in this paper, and it is further assumed that school is a social experience and a vehicle for the transmission of social val ues and attitudes, textbooks being one agent of this transmission.
Abstract: HP HIS study was undertaken on A the assumption that sex role behavior is culturally determined and is produced by social learning. This learning takes place through many channels and includes both sex role expectations and ex amples for identification. Children thus come to have a sense of self identity which is pervaded by the behavior, appearance, activities, personality characteristics, and achievement goals considered so cially appropriate to their own sex. It is further assumed that school is a social experience and a vehicle for the transmission of social val ues and attitudes, textbooks being one agent of this transmission. Other reading research has been based on this rationale Blom and others (1968), in "Content of First Grade Reading Books," say that "cultural attitudes and values are conveyed through the content of stories." The authors of reading series, too, recognize the influence of story content on social learning. In the introduction to one basal reading series (Robinson and others, 1962) are the statements: "At the most formative period of children's lives, it would be unfor tunate if the power of books to mold character were overlooked or ignored in the reading lesson" and ". . . built into each story is some aspect of social relationship that children can make their own and apply to their behavior," indi cating that a conscious effort is made to manipulate this learning. It therefore seems reasonable to
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, social and legal characteristics of 2,419 consecutive felony probation cases were examined to determine what kinds of persons are more likely to receive the privileged disposition of "adjudication withheld".
Abstract: Florida law allows a judge the option of withholding adjudication of guilt from defendants who are being placed on probation. For persons accused of a felony, this step affords an opportunity to avoid the stigma associated with the status of “convicted felon.” Social and legal characteristics of 2,419 consecutive felony probation cases are examined to determine what kinds of persons are more likely to receive the privileged disposition of “adjudication withheld.” Inconsistencies in the imposition of the “convict” label were found, suggesting that defendants who are older, black, poorly educated, have a prior record, and are defended by a court-appointed attorney, are among the most likely to be so labelled. Lemert has argued that inconsistent application of penalties or stigma increases the likelihood of commitment to a deviant identity or career on the part of the accused. While these data cannot confirm Lemert's hypothesis, they do suggest that criminal labels are dispensed in such a manner that persons who are expected to be the most criminal (i.e., poorly educated, indigents, blacks) are given the greatest opportunity to develop a criminal identity or career.
01 Sep 1972
TL;DR: An increase in the potential for conflict within groups can lead to strengthened group norms and cohesion if this conflict is of the sort described by the Prisoners' Dilemma.
Abstract: The Prisoners' Dilemma (PD) game is a prototype of two central concerns of sociology, the problem of order and the problem of collective action, which are both types of conflict between individual and collective goals. An index of dilemma, D, is developed to characterize situations with respect to the degree of conflict between individual and collective goals. It is hypothesized that group norms and group solidarity are mechanisms groups devise to increase cooperation in PD-like situations. In an experiment using a five-person PD game, it is shown that an increase in D leads to an increase in group friendliness and in attempts by group members to define the potential noncooperator as immoral and untrustworthy. Thus, an increase in the potential for conflict within groups can lead to strengthened group norms and cohesion if this conflict is of the sort described by the Prisoners' Dilemma. This is contrary to the prevalent conception that norms arise from an identity of interests between group members.
TL;DR: In this paper, the proportion of nonpersisters in each status except identity diffusion provides evidence for the predictive validity of Marcia's categorization system, which is of interest to note that of the nine moratoriums who transferred out of engineering, none entered the management program while all of the four foreclosures who left engineering entered management.
Abstract: so (x 2 = 13.69, df = 3, p < .01). Thus, the proportion of nonpersisters in each status except identity diffusion provides evidence for the predictive validity of Marcia's categorization system. It is of interest to note that of the nine moratoriums who transferred out of engineering, none entered the management program while all of the four foreclosures who left engineering entered management (p = .001 by a Fisher's exact test). In order to determine whether academic performance was a mediating variable in the relationship between identity status and nonpersistence, a comparison was made of the
TL;DR: It is disclosed that the black and white adolescents have emphatically different patterns of identity formation, and sococultural as well as cognitive aspects of the racial differences in identity development are explored.
Abstract: Empirical definitions of identity formation, and five variants, were constructed using a technique for studying multiple self-images. The method was then applied to a sample of black and white lower socioeconomic class boys. These boys were tested with this technique and given in-depth interviews twice a year, from the start to the finish of high school. The results of these longitudinal studies disclose that the black and white adolescents have emphatically differentpatterns of identity formation. The blacks are characterized by unchanging configurations of self-images. Both the content of their self-definitions and the interrelations for these self-definitions remain strikingly stable over the years. The whites, on the other hand, display a progressive integration of different self-images and stabilization of the content of these images. The more qualitative interview data corroborate these quantitative findings. The patterns displayed by the blacks are consistent with the definition of “identity foreclosure,” a disruption in ego identity development. The whites' patterns, however, are consistent with progressive identity formation. In addition to discussing these results, the paper goes on to consider ways to understand the findings. Sociocultural as well as cognitive aspects of the racial differences in identity development are explored.
01 Dec 1972
TL;DR: The five-year-old's conception of the appearance, reality, and identity of physical objects was investigated in this article, and it was found that the child's conservation concepts tend to outstrip his judgments about appearance and reality.
TL;DR: The authors found that participants were significantly more influenced by a counter attitudinal communication when they thought that members of an attractive audience had listened to it, even though they were led to believe that the communicator was unaware of the identity of the audience attending to his comments or the audience's reaction.
TL;DR: The author describes some of the identity problems the beginning resident faces when making the transition into residency and examines in detail the steps involved in role definition: investiture, correction, and achievement.
Abstract: The author describes some of the identity problems the beginning resident faces when making the transition into residency. He then examines in detail the steps involved in role definition: investiture, correction, and achievement. Along with the process of role definition there is the quest for external validation, leading to a reaffirmation of professional identity.
Book•
01 Aug 1972