Showing papers on "International relations published in 1986"

International organization: a state of the art on an art of the state

Abstract: International organization as a field of study is where the action is. The analytical shifts leading up to the current preoccupation with international regimes have been both progressive and cumulative. And the field is pursuing its object of study in innovative ways that are bringing it closer to the theoretical core of more general international relations work. As we point out, however, the study of regimes as practiced today suffers from the fact that its epistemological approaches contradict its basic ontological posture. Accordingly, more interpretive strains, commensurate with the intersubjective basis of international regimes, should be included in the prevailing epistemological approaches. In addition, as a result of its enthusiasm for the concept of regimes, the field has tended to neglect the study of formal international organizations. Interpretive epistemologies can also help to link up the study of regimes with the study of formal international organizations by drawing attention to the roles these organizations play in creating transparency in the behavior and expectations of actors, serving as focal points for the international legitimation struggle, and providing a venue for the conduct of global epistemic politics.

Neorealism and its critics

Abstract: 1. Realism, Neorealism and the Study of World Politics, by Robert O. Keohane2. Laws and Theories, by Kenneth N. Waltz3. Reductionist and Systemic Theories, by Kenneth N. Waltz4. Political Structures, by Kenneth N. Waltz5. Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power, by Kenneth N. Waltz6. Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis, by John Gerard Ruggie7. Theory of World Politics: Structural Realism and Beyond, by Robert O. Keohane8. Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory, by Robert W. Cox9. The Poverty of Neorealism, by Richard K. Ashley10. The Richness of the Tradition of Political Realism, by Robert G. Gilpin11. Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics, by Kenneth N. Waltz

Reciprocity in international relations

Abstract: World politics is commonly referred to as anarchic, meaning that it lacks a common government. Yet a Hobbesian “war of all against all” does not usually ensue: even sovereign governments that recognize no common authority may engage in limited cooperation. The anarchic structure of world politics does mean, however, that the achievement of cooperation can depend neither on deference to hierarchical authority nor on centralized enforcement. On the contrary, if cooperation is to emerge, whatever produces it must be consistent with the principles of sovereignty and self-help.

State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle

Abstract: Explores the application of constructivist theory to international relations. The text examines the relevance of constructivism for empirical research, focusing on some of the key issues of contemporary international politics: ethnic and national identity gender and political economy.

International human rights: a regime analysis

Abstract: After laying out a typology of international regimes, eight international and regional human rights regimes are analyzed in order to (1) examine the utility of regime analysis in noneconomic issue-areas, and (2) assess the nature, extent, and evolution of international cooperation on human rights. There has been a remarkable growth of international action since 1945, when human rights were not even widely accepted as a legitimate issue-area. This growth can be explained largely by expanding perceptions of moral interdependence and community, increased national commitment, the growing ideological appeal of human rights, and changes in the distributions of international power. These same factors, however, suggest only limited future growth. On a broader theoretical plane, the case of human rights suggests a significant, if limited and principally heuristic, utility for regime analysis, especially to the extent that international relations is becoming increasingly concerned with specific issues.

Human Rights and International Relations

Abstract: This book is about the impact of human rights on the relations among states. It seeks to bring together in one place an account of the theory of human rights (what they are; where they come from; whether they are universal); a discussion of the part they play in contemporary international politics (including East-West and North-South relations); and a view of what ought to be done about them - especially by the western powers. The central policy recommendation made by Dr Vincent is that, as a project for international society, provision for subsistence rights has a strong claim to priority over other human rights. Dr Vincent's conclusion about the place of human rights in contemporary international society neither simply endorses the notion of the advance of cosmopolitan values on the society of states, nor rests on an observation of the continuing strength of state sovereignty. He shows how the grip of the sovereign state might in fact be tightened by its successful co-option of the international doctrine of human rights.

For the common defense : a military history of the United States of America

Abstract: Now fully updated and totally revised, this highly regarded classic remains the most comprehensive study available of America's military history. Dubbed "the preeminent survey of American military history" (Russell F. Weigley, author of "The American Way of War"), "For the Common Defense" has established itself as an essential fixture in the field. In this major revision, authors Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski add the last twenty years of the story to a meticulously researched, unbiased analysis that has already withstood the test of time. While many books cover different chapters of the nation's military history, only this one tackles the full narrative, examining the characteristics of our evolving military policy alongside the impact that policy has had on America's international relations and domestic development. This latest incarnation, exhaustively revised, includes updates throughout that reflect current dialogues surrounding key moments in history. In addition to replacing chapters on Korea, Vietnam, and the collapsed Soviet Union, the authors have composed new sections on the complex role of war in the United States since 1994 and the War on Terror. An extraordinary accomplishment of research, analysis, and accessible writing on everything from pre-Revolutionary War battles to the fighting in Afghanistan, "For the Common Defense" is as relevant and important as ever.

International Regimes: Toward a New Theory of Institutions

Abstract: The current burst of work on regimes or, more broadly, on international institutions, reflects an emerging sense—especially among Americans—that the international order engineered by the United States and its allies in the aftermath of World War II is eroding rapidly and may even be on the verge of collapse. But is the resultant surge of scholarly work on international regimes any more likely to yield lasting contributions to knowledge than have other recent fashions in the field of international relations? The jury will remain out until a sustained effort is made to evaluate the significance of regimes or institutions more broadly, as determinants of collective behavior at the international level.

Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: Some Cross-national Evidence

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between economic interdependence and international conflict. Two schools of thought exist on this issue: some prominent writers suggest that interdependence produces greater international conflict, while others suggest that it produces a decline in conflict. These arguments are reviewed and empirically tested here. Previous empirical studies bearing on this issue are found to use inadequate measures and biased samples. More comprehensive analyses presented here suggest that interdependence can have mixed consequences. Several measures of interdependence that embody its costly aspects are found to be positively associated with conflict, implying that interdependence produces increased international conflict. However, when these measures are controlled for, another key measure is found to be inversely related to conflict. This suggests that both schools of thought may be correct: while the costly aspects of interdependence seem to produce greater international conflict, its beneficial aspects appear to produce a decline in conflict. In recent years, international interdependence has emerged as an important phenomenon in world poiitics and a popular concept in the international relations literature. International issues as diverse as trade embargoes, environmental degradation, nuclear arms races, and the transmission of inflation have been grouped together under the rubric of interdependence. Early writers on interdependence, such as Cooper (1968), focused mainly on the problems it creates for domestic and foreign economic policymaking. More recently, a number of studies have appeared that examine the implications of interdependence for international politics. The most influential of these has been Keohane and Nye (1977). However, other than a few studies that examine whether interdependence is increasing or declining worldwide, I no broad, comparative analyses of the impact of interdependence on international politics

International politics on the world stage

Abstract: 1 - Thinking and Caring About World Politics 2 - The Evolution of World Politics 3 - Level of Analysis 4 -- Nationalism 5 - Globalization and Transnationalism 6 - Power and the National States 7 - International Organization 8 - International Law and Human Rights 9 - Pursuing Security 10 - Globalization in the World Economy 11 - Global Economic Competition and Cooperation 12 - Preserving and Enhancing the Global Commons Toward Sustainable Development

Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger

Abstract: The values, traditions, and assumptions undergirding approaches to foreign policy are often crucial in determining the course of a nation's history Yet, the interconnections between ideas and policy for landmark periods in our foreign relations remain largely unexamined The intent of this series is to encourage a marriage between political theory and foreign policy A secondary objective is to identify theorists with a continuing interest in political thought and international relations, both younger scholars and the small group of established thinkers Only occasionally have scholarly centers and university presses sought to nurture studies in this area In the 1950s and 1960s the University of Chicago Center for the Study of American Foreign Policy gave emphasis to such inquiries Since then the subject has not been the focus of any major intellectual center The Louisiana State University Press and the series editor, from a base at the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia, have organized this series to meet a need that has remained largely unfulfilled since the mid-1960s

Global Information and World Communication: New Frontiers in International Relations

Abstract: World Politics in Transition New Frontiers in International Relations International Flow of Information A Framework of Analysis News and Views Designing the World's Symbolic Environment Broadcasting the World National and International Images Cultural Industry From Books to Computers Political Economy of Information Transitional Data Flows International Interactions Travel and Tourism Human Flow across National Boundaries Intercultural Communication Information Technology Developing Communication Systems and Policies Communication and Development The Emerging Orders International Communication Research From Functionalism to Post Modernism and Beyond The Unfinished Revolution The Crisis of Our Age

The international politics of Antarctica

Abstract: Antarctica is a potential source of international conflict. International interest in Antarctica has been increasing for a range of political, legal, economic, scientific and environmental reasons, and this has resulted in not only the emergence of Antarctica as a perceived problem but also the imposition of various strains upon the Antarctic Treaty System from both within and outside. At a time when the treaty regime is celebrating 25 years of operation, this book considers the nature of the Antarctic interests and positions of those involved. It looks at the significance of the historical dimension, the development of the treaty system, the management of marine and mineral resources, the emerging role of the United Nations under the inspiration of the UN Law of the Sea discussions and the common heritage principle, the impact of non-governmental organisations like Greenpeace International, and the South African issue. The Antarctic implications of the Falklands War of 1982 are also discussed, while the Soviet-American relationship proves a continuing theme throughout the study. Prominent Antarctic roles are pursued by Argentina, Australia, Britain, France, Japan and West Germany, while due attention is given to the contribution of 'new' Antarctic countries such as Brazil, China, India and Spain. The book concludes by discussing how the situation might develop in the immediate future.

International factors in the formation of refugee movements.

Abstract: The authors construct a theoretical framework for analyzing factors influencing international refugee movements. "On the basis of detailed case studies by the authors of the principal refugee flows generated in Asia Africa and Latin America from approximately 1960 to the present it was found that international factors often intrude both directly and indirectly on the major types of social conflict that trigger refugee flows and tend to exacerbate their effects. Refugees are also produced by conflicts that are manifestly international but which are themselves often related to internal social conflict among the antagonists." (EXCERPT)

Title to territory in Africa : international legal issues

Abstract: Territorial issues have historically assumed a central role in international relations. Despite considerations relating to, for example, human rights and economic and social cooperation, the territorially-based view of international law remains the fundamental model and is subscribed to by third world states. The acquisition of territory in Africa by the European powers in the nineteenth century involved the characterization of the status of the various African communities. They were accepted as holding title to their territory, but not apparently regarded as full subjects of international law. Cession was the primary technique used in the colonization of Africa. The present study analyses the colonial acquisition of African territory with particular reference to the evolution of the principles of self-determination and its impact upon the law relating to territory. The first full-length treatment of its subject, this book makes an important contribution to the understanding of one of the crucial areas of international law.

Theories of foreign policy: an historical overview

Abstract: Although it is natural to consider the development of the comparative approach known as Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) as the most obvious source of theories of foreign policy behaviour, it is important to remember that all perspectives on the subject of international relations contain statements about foreign policy. Historically this has been the case because virtually all approaches to the study of international relations took the state to be the central actor. Thus, approaches as diverse as those concentrating on political economy, international society and Marxism have all included a notion of what the state is and how its foreign policy results, regardless of the way in which policy might be defined. Theories of foreign policy are therefore intrinsic to theories of international relations, even for those who deny the centrality of the state as an actor in international society.

Roles and Reasons in Foreign Policy Decision Making

Abstract: Explaining the foreign policy behaviour of states has proved a particularly difficult task for theorists of international relations. For centuries it relied on an analogy between states and individuals in the state of nature, so that an endemic tendency to international anarchy resulted from states having ‘interests’; systemic, determinist theories could therefore explain foreign policy by appealing to such notions as national interest and power maximization. The elusive, contestable character of these notions later led many analysts to focus on the empirical decision-making process for explanations of foreign policy behaviour. Yet these attempts have run into a fundamental problem: the proper weight to be attached to the perceptions and reasons of the actors. Some of the literature takes the actors very seriously and relies either on a psychology of perception or on a decision-theoretic model of individual choice. Some of it, on the other hand, by-passes the actors altogether and concentrates on such structural features as bureaucratic position. In this article we shall argue the case for a concept of role, requiring a less mechanical view of action than the standard approaches allow, both separately and in combination.

Anarchy, egoism, and third images: The Evolution of Cooperation and international relations - Robert Axelrod. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic, 1984.

Abstract: The Evolution of Cooperation is not a timid book. Its objective is ambitious; its approach bold; its scope broad. It addresses an issue of central importance to scholars, political leaders, and ordinary mortals alike: how can "cooperation emerge in a world of egoists without central authority?" (p. 3). Its argument, based upon an analysis of an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game, turns conventional wisdom on its head: it rejects the Golden Rule as a guide to behavior and recommends instead something much closer to Hammurabi's Code as a means of eliciting and sustaining cooperation in an anarchic setting. That the recommendation is compelling is a tribute to the power of the argument and to the elegance with which it is presented. This review evaluates Robert Axelrod's claim that ". . . the requirements for the emergence of cooperation have relevance to many of the central issues of international politics" (p. 4). Given the broad sweep of his analysis, Axelrod is necessarily unable to scrutinize critically his belief in the significance of his work for international politics. I propose to examine more deeply than Axelrod is able the applicability of his analysis to the specific situation of nation-states within the world polity. It appears axiomatic that the problem of cooperation among egoists in an anarchic setting would be a central concern of students of international relations. Yet international politics is not populated by as many egoists, strictly defined, as Axelrod's statement of the problem assumes. Nor does the international system, though formally anarchic, lack close substitutes for central authority in at least some critically important subsystems. Because neither

Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in the Middle East

Abstract: The policies and actions of revolutionary Iran continue to reverberate throughout the world. Now with a new epilogue on the Iranian-American arms deal. "Revolutionary Iran" is the most incisive account to date of the Khomeini regime's foreign policy and its impact on international affairs. Despite its stridency. Iran has subtly and steadily moved toward a more pragmatic foreign policy. In the new epilogue, R. K. Ramazani probes the most striking manifestation of this tendency-- the secret arms-for-hostages dealings that formed Iran's "America initiative". He relates this initiative to Iran's factional domestic politics and its angry conflict with the United States in the Persian Gulf. "Revolutionary Iran" demands the attention of anyone concerned with American interests in the Middle East.

Realism, Marxism and critical international theory

Abstract: In recent years, the critique of historical materialism elaborated in many foundational works in the theory of international politics has been advanced with renewed vigour in sociological interpretations of Marxism. It is ironic, however, that at the very moment when contemporary sociologists accuse historical materialism of failing to consider the impact of war and diplomacy upon social structure and historical change, the case for the partial rehabilitation of Marxism should be advanced with increasing frequency in the theory of international relations. Aware no doubt of the continuing vulnerability of historical materialism to the realist critique, few writers have ventured so far as to suggest that an unreconstructed Marxism possesses the resources to develop a superior account of international relations. But a growing literature does maintain that traditional arguments against Marxism obscured the extent to which historical materialism could respond with an equally powerful critique of realism and make a distinctive contribution to the construction of a perspective which went significantly beyond it.1 In the light of these developments, there is much to be said for the kind of debate or dialogue between advocates of realist and Marxist theories of world politics which Kubalkova and Cruickshank call for in their most recent publication.2 The appearance of their second work on Marxism and the theory of international politics and the publication of Giddens' new book on the nation-state and violence (which is an expression of the increased attention to international politics in contemporary sociology) enable us to begin to anticipate the likely outcome of that dialogue. Both works contribute to a pronounced tendency within recent sociology and the theory of international relations to deny, implicitly or explicitly, that either Marxism or realism can generate a complete account of world politics. For this literature, the realization of such an account entails the selection of a different theoretical strategy: one that is committed to absorbing the strengths of realism and Marxism within a new perspective which involves quite simply their simultaneous transcendence.3 In the theory of international relations, the re-emergence of liberal political economy, with its claim that realism neglected the impact of modernization upon the structure of world politics and the conduct of foreign policy, inevitably paved the way for the more systematic consideration of Marxist analyses of dominance and dependence in the world economy. Although early formulations of the liberal perspective displayed a degree of ambivalence towards historical materialism,4 they made it necessary to pose what has since become a crucial question in the theory of

The Paradox of Weak State Power. A Research and Literature Overview

Abstract: The primary aim of this article is to present an inventory of the propositions that have been made concerning the ways in which small states can exercise influence over Great Powers. The paradox of relatively resourceless states sometimes being able to exercise substantial influence in international relations received some attention in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The weak state — powerful state relations have, however, also been dealt with in a number of more recent studies, some of which have discussed the 'paradox of weak state power'.In this article we revisit the subject area and take stock of the work by presenting the factors which have been mentioned as conceivable explanations to the phenom enon. The factors are divided into two groups, with four and three subcategories, respectively. The first group consists of the propositions which focus on 'power bases' and statements about the effects of various basic conditions in the international system. The second group contain the propositions which ...

Returned Peace Corps Volunteers Who Teach Social Studies

Abstract: (1986). Returned Peace Corps Volunteers Who Teach Social Studies. The Social Studies: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 100-106.

Politics in command: foreign trade as national security policy

Abstract: Many of the current theoretical debates in international relations focus on the connection between economics and security policies Most traditional North American textbooks have considered the two policy areas as separate domains Some scholars view the major economic trends and events of the 1970s as intertwined, whereas others argue that “state” interests properly should prevail when the two sets of values conflict The traditional liberal, mercantilist, and neo-Marxist literatures shed some light on the nexus between politics and economics in foreign policy, but they offer very general statements that reflect only the conditions of the major powers Two case studies of Japan and Finland in the postwar period suggest that generalizations must be applied cautiously, that some states are compelled to follow mercantilist policies to protect their political independence and autonomy, and that policies of welfare maximization often have to be subordinated to security concerns The cases also reveal that the connection between economic and security concerns changes over time A dynamic model of foreign policy will thus have to be sensitive both to the peculiar circumstances of a variety of states and to the sources of foreign-policy change

The politics of economic liberalization: usaid and the world bank in kenya, 1980-84

Abstract: FOR THE LAST five years or so the Third World as a whole, and the African continent in particular, has been subjected to pressure to allow freer play to market forces. This pressure originally came in the form of words, in particular the words of the World Bank's report of 1981 on Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa (the 'Berg Report') which asked above all for a lifting of controls on exchange rates and agricultural prices.1 More recently, however, the pressure for liberalization has come with teeth in the form of 'policy conditionality', that is, of refusals by aid donors to disburse development aid unless specific changes in economic policy are made. In the vanguard of this movement are the World Bank themselves and the United States Agency for International Development. This article examines the attempts that have been made over the last four years by these donors to liberalize the economy of one African country, that of Kenya. It will argue that although, in my opinion, both the analysis of the Berg Report and the idea of conditionality have much to recommend them in principle, donors have in practice often insisted on conditions which were loosely related to the objective which they were trying to bring about, have underestimated the political opposition to the conditions they were imposing and as a consequence have frequently failed to get their conditions to stick.

Hedley Bull and his contribution to international relations

Abstract: It was an honour and a privilege to be asked to review Hedley Bull's contribution to the study of international politics. Over the years we had discovered many affinities. We had a common way of looking at the theory and practice of international politics, even if we did not always give the same answers to the questions we both asked. I was always impressed by the extraordinary clarity and lucidity of his arguments, and by their fairness-by his way of taking into account all the points in his adversary's case, and all the objections to his own arguments and assumptions. Both of us looked at a discipline that had developed in the United States after the Second World War as outsiders who did not support all the premises of its main practitioners and theoreticians. I was always an admirer of the extraordinary sweep of Hedley Bull's mind, and yet when I reviewed his work I was left with an inevitable sense of incompleteness. He accomplished so much, but there were also so many more directions in which he might have gone and in which he was beginning to go. The most striking aspect of his work is its extraordinary unity and the coherence of his approach: the unity of method and of substance, and the consistency and continuity of his concern about international society and those contemporary issues which are decisive for the survival of an international society. However, there were also significant tensions in his work: they gave it its density, and make it particularly instructive and thought-provoking. The first part of this essay will be devoted to Hedley Bull's world view, and part two to his writings about the contemporary world political scene.

International transactions in services

Abstract: This book focuses on the international politics of transborder data flows. It examines the rise of data services and the impact of these services on international economic transactions. The book looks at trade and foreign direct investment in services and reviews the policy position of the U.S.

China's international relations 1911–1931

Abstract: This chapter looks at the external context of twentieth-century Chinese history, beginning naturally with the collapse of the old order. Certain patterns of Ch'ing response to encroachment may be seen all around the periphery of the empire. Instead of recognizing Outer Mongolia as a sovereign state open to international relations, Russia continued to recognize Chinese suzerainty. For Japan, the First World War provided the opportunity to stabilize its imperialist interests. The chapter lists the Japan's Twenty-One Demands. In less than half a year, the whole of Manchuria had fallen to the Japanese army and been severed from China. Japan had become the primary concern of Chinese foreign policy. Within less than a generation, a mere two decades, the East Asian regional order of the Ch'ing dynasty, the international legal order envisaged by the Washington Conference treaty powers, and the world revolutionary order dreamed of in Moscow, had all proved unavailing as an international matrix for the Chinese Republic.