Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 1985"
TL;DR: For example, the International Trade Administration of the US Department of Commerce has lamented that only 5% of all US manufacturers will have engaged in export marketing in 1984 as discussed by the authors, even in the light of accelerated efforts to further stimulate US exporters.
Abstract: Introduction Perhaps the most significant economic transformation within the last three decades has been the internationalization of business. From the modest levels of the 1950s, the volume of world trade has exploded to over $2 trillion, and the sales of foreign affiliates of US firms have reached $500 billion by 1983 (Terpstra 1983). Yet, even in the light of accelerated efforts to further stimulate US exporters (e.g., the Export Trading Company Act of 1982), a recent Dunn and Bradstreet survey showed that less than 1% of the US firms had engaged in exporting in 1982 (Trade Marks, 1983). Similarly, the International Trade Administration of the US Department of Commerce has lamented that only 5% of all US manufacturers will have engaged in export marketing in 1984.
200 citations
TL;DR: The authors argued that relations between states are influenced by their actions or inactions vis-a-vis international migration, and that international migrants often become a political force in the country in which they reside.
Abstract: Scholars have yet to incorporate the phenomenon of growing conflict between states over population movements into their understanding of international migration and international relations. This article advances and analyzes three propositions: (1) relations between states are influenced by their actions or inactions vis-a-vis international migration; (2) governments affect international migration through their rules for the exit and entry of peoples; and (3) international migrants often become a political force in the country in which they reside. A fourth idea is proposed "namely that the internationalization of migration issues has introduced new and conflicting interests into consideration of policies affecting migration in both sending and receiving countries." (summary in FRE SPA) (EXCERPT)
139 citations
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new Norwegian approach to assisting small companies to develop international operations is examined, and the aim of the scheme is, gradually, to mold groups of small companies with related products into separate entities which serve as vehicles for international market entry.
Abstract: In this article a new Norwegian approach to assisting small companies to develop international operations is examined. The aim of the scheme is, gradually, to mould groups of small companies with related products into separate entities which serve as vehicles for international market entry. An outside consultant is responsible for guiding and supporting each group's activities. In addition, the market entry process is buttressed by a range of sponsor organisations. While the scheme has had mixed success so far, it is indicative of the scope for innovation in assisting many small firms with unexploited potential for international operations.
38 citations
38 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors represent some of the leading scholars of each school and are dedicated to the intellectual merging of the schools by means of fostering an improved understanding of each other.
Abstract: This step is a step toward greater internationalization of mass communication research. Existing differences between the mass media of North American and Western European countries provide a basis for comparative anlayses that illustrate how differences in national mass media systems can contribute towards intellectual understanding of communication behavior. The world of communication scholarship can be divided into two main schools, the empirical school and the critical school. This volume represents some of the leading scholars of each school and is dedicated to the intellectual merging of the schools by means of fostering an improved understanding of each other.
37 citations
TL;DR: The failure of the neo-Marxist dependency perspectives to accommodate and come to terms with the possibilities of peripheral capitalist development in the four Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) of East and Southeast Asia should not then result in the embracing of the stages approaches espoused either by modernization theory or by Warren.
36 citations
TL;DR: The International Marketing of Technology: An Interaction Perspective More and more companies have resorted to a wide diversity of international operation forms in order to enter and develop foreign markets over the past decade as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The International Marketing of Technology: An Interaction Perspective More and more companies have resorted to a wide diversity of international operation forms in order to enter and develop foreign markets. This diversity has been one of the features of international marketing over the past decade. Even though it appears that the entry mode to internationalization is still via simple exporting, with perhaps a shift to foreign investment later on, alternative modes, with various patterns of sequential development have become stronger features of international business operations (Luostarinen, 1979). The variety has, as yet, not been adequately reflected in official statistics of trade, investment and service flows between countries.
22 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The Third 'New' International Division of Labour -John Walton as discussed by the authors, and the National State, State, Capital, and Region Capital and National State -Paul Singer A Historical Interpretation Internationalization of Capital and the Regional Problem - Dieter Lapple The State and Issues of Regional Analysis in Latin America - David Slater Part Three: URBAN Systems and Processes Urbanization, Migration and Models of Development in Latin American - Alejandro Portes Urbanisation and Social Change in the Arab World - Janet Abu-Lughod PART FOUR: FORMS and policies of
Abstract: PART ONE: INTRODUCTION The Third 'New' International Division of Labour - John Walton PART TWO: STATE, CAPITAL AND REGION Capital and the National State - Paul Singer A Historical Interpretation Internationalization of Capital and the Regional Problem - Dieter Lapple The State and Issues of Regional Analysis in Latin America - David Slater PART THREE: URBAN SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES Urbanization, Migration and Models of Development in Latin America - Alejandro Portes Urbanization and Social Change in the Arab World - Janet Abu-Lughod PART FOUR: FORMS AND POLICIES OF INEQUALITY The City in Permanent Transition - Patricia Arias and Bryan Roberts The Consequences of a National System of Industrial Specialization Capital Accumulation and Housing Production in Latin America 1960-80 - Samuel Jaramillo and Martha Schteingart The Planning Process and the Division of Labour in a New Industrial City - Cathy A Rakowski The Case of Cuidad Guayana, Venezuela Social Relations and Capital Accumulation - Larissa Lomnitz and Marisol Perez-Lizaur The Case of the Mexican Bourgeoisie
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an evaluation of the global marketplace and contemporary changes, and offer observations and insights in the areas of dynamic world geography and internationalisation of business, and a number of implications are offered.
Abstract: This article presents an evaluation of the global marketplace and contemporary changes. The author offers observations and insights in the areas of dynamic world geography and internationalisation of business. Numerous examples are given for the arguments and a number of implications are offered.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the role played by transnational corporations and the impact on both the advanced capitalist countries and the semi-industrialized countries themselves in the context of a study of the international motor industry.
TL;DR: The most impressive period of Canadian bank capital growth was part of the massive expansion of international banking from 1969 until the early 1980s as discussed by the authors, which is a result of a highly concentrated and centralized banking system.
Abstract: Canada is home to a handful of the largest of the international commercial banks. This is a result of a highly concentrated and centralized banking system. Although the internationalization of Canadian bank capital dates back one hundred years to the penetration into US, Caribbean, and British markets, the most impressive period of growth was part of the massive expansion of international banking from 1969 until the early 1980s. The greatest area of the banks’ Third World presence is in the Caribbean, where more than 300 branches, massive offshore and merchant banking operations, and private lending to governments have made Canadian banks predominant among the international banks in the region. However historically important, these Caribbean operations have declined in relative importance within the banks’ investment strategies.
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an empirical research project on Finnish textile, clothing and electronics workers and a proposal for international comparisons on this problem area, which has forced women workers and their trade unions to look for new strategies to defend their vital interests in this process of change.
Abstract: One of the most important trends of development in today's industry is the increasing internationalization of production This process of interna tionalization has been exceptionally strong in the traditionally women- dominated textile, clothing and electronics industries, which have during the 1970s become the main employers of female workforce also in the new world market factones' in Third World countries. During the 1980s the tightening international competition and the introduction of new technology have caused important changes in the labour process and in the position of semi- skilled women workers in these three branches, which has forced women workers and their trade unions to look for new strategies to defend their vital interests in this process of change The paper presents an empirical research project on Finnish textile, clothing and electronics workers and a proposal for international comparisons on this problem area.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the shifts which occurred in the nature of U.S. international trade between 1970 and 1981, considering the shifts in the countries to which this nation exports its products and the countries from which it obtains its imports.
Abstract: U.S. trade has undergone considerable change since 1970. The decade of the 1970s witnessed the dollar go from strength to weakness and then start back to its current strong position. That decade also contained the energy crisis with its resulting consequences for the world economy. This paper presents the shifts which occurred in the nature of U.S. international trade between 1970 and 1981. It first considers the shifts in the countries to which this nation exports its products and the countries from which it obtains its imports. The paper then describes the changes which have occurred in the specific product categories which are exported and imported; which products have gained and lost the greatest share of U.S. exports and imports. The findings of the study imply that U.S. firms are becoming more internationalized in orientation and more diversified in the nature of their imports and exports.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived the effects of high income elasticity and increased preference for non-traded goods on the trade share in a two-factor, three-good Heckscher-Ohlin model under plausible assumptions about factor intensities and demand.
Abstract: It has long been argued that a growing share of non-traded services in GNP in advanced economies would cause the trade share to decline. This paper derives the effects of rising capital intensity, rapid technological progress in tradables, and high income elasticity and increased preference for non-traded goods on the trade share in a two-factor, three-good Heckscher-Ohlin model. Under plausible assumptions about factor intensities and demand, it is found that as the relative size of the non-traded sector grows, the trade share in a capital abundant economy will rise instead of decline. Une analyse td la Heckscher-Ohlin de la loi du commerce international d&roissant. On a suggere depuis longtemps qu'une portion grandissante de services (qui ne s'echangent pas internationalement) dans le PNB des economies avancees se devait d'entrainer un declin du commerce international. Ce memoire examine les effets (1) d'un accroissement de l'intensite capitalistique, (2) du changement technique dans la production de biens echangeables internationalement, et (3) d'une preference accrue et d'une forte elasticite de la demande par rapport au revenu pour les biens non-echanges internationalement sur la taille du commerce international dans un modele a la Heckscher-Ohlin bati autour de deux facteurs de production et trois biens. A partir de postulats raisonnables pour ce qui est de la demande et des intensites d'utilisation des facteurs, il appert que, A proportion que la taille relative du secteur de biens non-echanges croit, l'importance du commerce international va s'accroitre plutot que de decliner dans l'economie qui a une abondance de capital.
TL;DR: The role of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association Internationalization (SAEA) in extension education was discussed in a recent discussion by three Fellows of the American Agricultural Economics Assoc. as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In a recent discussion by three Fellows of else, is an aid to understanding and making the American Agricultural Economics Assocomplex economic decisions. ciation (AAEA), it was observed that if the Four types of change will likely preoccupy Land-Grant University System were to be creour profession over the next two decades: ated today, there would be no extension * internationalization, component. For those involved in the dis* technology, cussion, this was not a matter of controversy. * industrialization, and It was fact. That is a sobering thought for * resource mix. one who has committed a major share of his None of these forces is new to agriculture. professional career to extension education. Yet, each presents unique, new challenges Questioning of the relevance of extension for extension educators and for researchers in today's agriculture throws a whole new attempting to serve their needs. perspective on the issue of the role of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association Internationalization (SAEA) in extension. Therefore, one is comNearly a decade ago, Schuh (1976) chalpelled to analyze a set of broader issues relenged the profession to come to grips with lating to the relevance and role of extension the realities of an open world economy. At in today's agriculture before drawing any the time, driven by a weak dollar and a tight conclusions regarding the role of the SAEA supply-demand balance, exports were growin extension. These include: ing on a path from $7 billion to a peak of • a review of the major forces affecting over $40 billion in 1981. The profession was agriculture out of which research and warned that agriculture had entered a new extension problems will evolve, era with macroeconomics and international * an analysis of the resulting challenges policies having a profound impact on agrito the Land-Grant System (hereinafter culture and its institutions. A specific chalreferred to as the System) and particulenge was made to extension regarding the larly to extension, and need to educate farmers, farm leaders, and * a refinement of those challenges for the policymakers on the factors affecting trade. agricultural economics profession. The predicted profound impact, indeed, Subsequently, implications will be drawn for has become a reality. Farmers, agribusinessthe role of the SAEA in extension education. men, economists, and policymakers alike have This approach is taken at the risk of not been forced to direct their thinking to the treating any of these topics in sufficient depth forces of a weak and subsequently a strong to be meaningful. The paper might, therefore dollar, from high inflation to low inflation, be viewed more as providing a basis for furand from a low to a high real rate of interest. ther discussion than for provision of definiThe importance of understanding these ecotive answers. nomic forces was emphasized to every agriculturalist-teacher, researcher, and extension worker.
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose an analysis of dependent economies and societies in Latin America and discuss current forms of dependency, both in terms of the internationalization of the domestic market and the structure of dependent capitalism.
Abstract: The authors propose an analysis of dependent economies and societies in Latin America. They begin by discussing current forms of dependency, both in terms of the internationalization of the domestic market and in terms of structure of dependent capitalism.
TL;DR: In Canada, most of the discussion in Canada has taken place within the discourse of liberal analysis, with the fundamental question being: Should the policy apparatuses of the state be enlisted to defend the so-called "national culture" and reduce dependency on the inflow of foreign - mostly American - products?
Abstract: As a burgeoning field of inquiry, the study of what is commonly known as the "culture industry" has explored the increasing concentration and internationalization of capital, new forms of production and consumption, and new forms of state practice in the era of international cultural flows. With a few noteworthy exceptions, however, most of the discussion in Canada has taken place within the discourse of liberal analysis, with the fundamental question being: Should the policy apparatuses of the state be enlisted to defend the so-called "national culture" and reduce dependency on the inflow of foreign - mostly American - products?
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The 1970s was a decade of negotiations aimed to redesign the international economic order on monetary arrangements, trade, development, food, commodities, energy, global commons and other matters, but in spite of all the effort the international economy order continued to deteriorate as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: It may well be that the 1970s will come to be viewed as marking a seismic discontinuity in world economic affairs. The elements of this turbulent decade are familiar. They include the food and energy crises, a slowdown in economic growth, the onset of the Great Inflation, high unemployment and unused industrial capacity, monetary instability and international payments disequilibria. It was a time when the developing countries forced the subject of their poverty onto the global agenda and when the centrally-planned economies began to become more fully integrated into the world economy. The realities of interdependence between countries required the internationalisation of national policies and the domestication of foreign economic policies, but this clashed with the growing economic and social responsibilities of governments and heightened tensions between international obligations and the desire for national sovereignty. The need for adjustment grew while the ability or willingness to embrace it diminished. Hegemonic leadership and confidence in market forces declined, but collective management of complex and inter-related issues proved difficult to attain in a multipolar world with more numerous actors of diverse stages of development, interests and ideologies. The 1970s was a decade of negotiations aimed to redesign the international economic order on monetary arrangements, trade, development, food, commodities, energy, global commons and other matters, but in spite of all the effort the international economic order continued to deteriorate. At the beginning of the 1980s, unresolved issues and continuing stresses threaten the functioning of the global economic system.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In contrast to the earlier history of the development of monopolies and cartels around the turn of the century, when protectsionism was demanded to restrict or eliminate foreign competition in domestic and colonian markets, the new period of international oligopoly is characterized by demands on the part of the giant corporationsnfor free trade and the and the supranational institutions to pursue and sanction it.
Abstract: We now live in an era where production and markets are controlled by giant corporations with a trans-national base. We also live in an era where national and international controls over trade and capital flows have been progressively reduced. The resulting combination of unified international markets and giant international firms bestriding them provides a ready mechanism for the processes of deindustrialisation to develop wherever the conditions for capitalist accumulation are weakened. In contrast to the earlier history of the development of monopolies and cartels around the turn of the century, when protectsionism was demanded to restrict or eliminate foreign competition in domestic and colonian markets, the new period of international oligopoly is characterized by demands on the part of the giant corporationsnfor free trade and the and the supranational institutions to pursue and sanction it : a global freedom to pursue accumulation, given their own dominance within the global system and given the threat, or potential threat, of organized labour and universal suffrage at the level of the nation state. It might be said we now have a neo-imperalism of free trade in similar vein to the nineteenth century British imperialism of free trade, but this time, rather than being of national orign, the imperialism is that of the Transnationals.